Estratégias para a aprendizagem da formação auditiva : um estudo de caso aplicado a uma turma de 3.º grau

O presente Relatório incide sobre a Unidade Curricular de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada do Mestrado em Ensino de Música variante Formação Musical e Classe de Conjunto, desenvolvido no Conservatório de Música e Artes do Dão, situado em Santa Comba Dão. A primeira parte deste Relatório é focada na Prática de Ensino Supervisionada realizada durante o ano letivo 2021/2022, onde foi feita a contextualização da escola, do meio e das turmas de estágio. São apresentadas planificações e reflexões das aulas ao longo do ano letivo das duas turmas de estágio e os respetivos sumários. Na segunda parte, é apresentado um Estudo de Investigação enquadrado na Prática de Ensino Supervisionada com o tema:” Estratégias para a aprendizagem da formação auditiva: um Estudo de caso aplicado a uma turma de 3ºgrau ”. As questões de investigação orientadoras da investigação foram as seguintes: - Por que é que os alunos têm tanta dificuldade de escrever aquilo que ouvem? - Que estratégias podemos utilizar para melhorar as competências dos alunos na realização dos ditados melódicos? A investigação baseou-se, na aplicação de estratégias pedagógicas para melhorar o desempenho dos alunos na realização dos ditados melódicos. Para analisar os resultados, criaram-se os seguintes instrumentos de recolha de informação: Grelhas de observação, um inquérito por questionário aos alunos após a implementação das estratégias, dois testes de avaliação (um aplicado antes e outro aplicado depois da implementação das estratégias). Os resultados apontam para uma resposta positiva, por parte dos alunos, ao tipo de estratégias aplicadas, principalmente com foco nos jogos musicais, sendo um fator de motivação para o estudo e aprendizagem da Formação Musical É importante salientar que, a longo prazo, seria necessário realizar uma maior investigação, para um melhor desenvolvimento destas ideias e consolidação das conclusões retiradas.Abstract : This report focuses on the curricular unit of Supervised Teaching Practice of the Teaching Practice of the Master's Degree in Music Education - Music Training and Ensemble Class, developed in the Conservatory of Music and Arts of Ensemble Class , developed in the Conservatory of Music and Arts of Dão, located in Santa Comba Dão. The first part of this report is focused on the Supervised Teaching Practice carried out during the school year 2021/2022, where the contextualization of the school, the environment and the internship classes was made. The reflections of the lessons throughout the school year of the two internship classes and their summaries are presented. In the second part, we present a Research Study framed within the Supervised Teaching Supervised Teaching Practice with focus on the topic: "Strategies for learning auditory training: a case study applied to a 3rd grade class". The research questions that guided the investigation were the following: - Why do students have such difficulty writing what they hear? - What strategies can we use to improve students' skills in performing melodic dictation? The research was based, on the application of pedagogical strategies to improve the students' performance in performing the melodic dictations. To analyze the results, the following instruments were used to collect information: observation grids, a questionnaire survey to the students after the implementation of the strategies, two evaluation tests (one applied before and one applied after the implementation of the strategies). The results point to a positive response from the students to the type of strategies applied, mainly focusing on musical games, being a motivating factor for the study and learning of Music Education. It is important to point out that, in the long term, further research would be necessary, for a better development of these ideas and consolidation of the conclusions drawn

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research