Editorial

At the start of the present century, a scenario was formed in Latin America in answer to neoliberal projects, which were disseminated strongly during the dominationperiod of economic and institutional strategies associated with the Washington Consensus. Since then, on the grounds of what some called The Pink Tide (Marearosa), a group of governments in the region converged on reinstating the idea of promoting projects inspired by greater national autonomy and, to achieve that, inthe strengthening of internal markets and a renewed state intervention, appealing in many cases to renationalization processes and, in practically all of those governments, to redistribution of income policies through public spending. By the year 2010, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela had governments that shared these features, beyond the specificity of their experiences.O início deste século encontrou a formação de um cenário de resposta a projetos neoliberais na América Latina, que foi disseminado fortemente durante o período deprotagonismo das estratégias econômicas e institucionais associadas ao Consenso de Washington. Desde então, sob o que alguns chamam de Onda Rosa (Pink Tide),um grupo de governos da região convergiu para reintegrar a ideia de promover projetos inspirados em uma maior autonomia nacional e, para isso, no fortalecimentodos mercados internos e uma renovada intervenção estatal, recorrendo em muitos casos a processos de renacionalização e, em praticamente todos, a políticas de redistribuição de renda por meio de gastos públicos. No ano de 2010, a Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Equador, Honduras, Nicarágua, Paraguai, Uruguai e Venezuela apresentaram governos que, além da especificidade de suas experiências, compartilhavam essas características.El inicio del reciente siglo encontró en América Latina la formación de un escenario de respuesta a los proyectos neoliberales, difundidos fuertemente durante elperiodo en que dominaron las estrategias económicas e institucionales asociadas al Consenso de Washington. Desde entonces, bajo lo que algunos denominaron la marea rosa (Pink Tide), un conjunto de gobiernos de la región convergió en reinstalar la idea de impulsar proyectos inspirados en una mayor autonomía nacional y,para ello, en el fortalecimiento de los mercados internos y una renovada intervención estatal, apelando en muchos casos a procesos de renacionalización y, en prácticamente todos, a políticas de redistribución del ingreso a través del gasto público. Para el año 2010, Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay y Venezuela presentaban gobiernos que, más allá de la especificidad de sus experiencias, compartían estas características

Escalaridade e periferia. Uma reconstrução conceitual do ponto de vista histórico-estrutural

The coexistence of social relations that are defined on different territorial scales and the asymmetric structuring of world space, with central and peripheral positions, constitute two central dimensions of the spatial structuring of socioeconomic systems. Although these two moments were extensively studied, their internal connections are a relatively less explored area. In this framework, the aim of this work is to explore the intrinsic relationships between these moments, constructing a historical-structural interpretation. In order to achieve this objective, the main contributions that focused on the specificity of each moment were analyzed, mobilizing different theories about the relationship between society and space. First, the theoretical development of the scalar question is discussed, showing how the relational turn constituted the key theoretical bet of the articulation between the world unity of the capital accumulation process and its spatial structuring on multiple scales. Secondly, the limitations that this option faces are synthesized when the contingency is prioritized as the basis of its conceptual apprehension. Third, a symmetrical criterion is taken to study the theories of dependency and Latin American structuralism, showing how, particularly in the latter case, there are theoretical potentialities to synthesize the scalarity and asymmetric spatial structuring of socioeconomic systems. The work concludes observing that the latter depends on returning to the historical-structural specificity of the peripheral modernization, considering the specific ways in which territoriality and capitalist relations of production are articulated.La coexistencia de relaciones sociales que se definen en escalas territoriales diferentes y la estructuración asimétrica del espacio mundial, con posiciones centrales y periféricas, constituyen dos dimensiones centrales de la estructuración espacial de los sistemas socioeconómicos. Si bien estos dos momentos fueron extensamente estudiados, sus conexiones internas resultan un área relativamente menos explorada. En este marco, el trabajo tiene por objetivo explorar las relaciones intrínsecas entre dichos momentos, construyendo para ello una interpretación de carácter histórico-estructural. A fin de alcanzar dicho objetivo, se evalúan las contribuciones principales que se centraron en la especificidad de cada momento, movilizando diferentes teorías sobre la relación entre sociedad y espacio. En primer lugar, se analiza el desarrollo teórico de la cuestión escalar, mostrando cómo el giro relacional constituyó la apuesta teórica clave de la articulación entre la unidad mundial del proceso de acumulación de capital y su estructuración espacial en múltiples escalas. En segundo lugar, se sintetizan las limitaciones que esta opción enfrenta al jerarquizarse la contingencia como fundamento de su aprehensión conceptual. En tercer lugar, se tomó un criterio simétrico para estudiar las teorías de la dependencia y estructuralismo latinoamericano, mostrando cómo, particularmente en este último caso, anidan potencialidades teóricas para sintetizar la escalaridad y la estructuración espacial asimétrica de los sistemas socioeconómicos. El trabajo concluye, observando que esto último depende de volver sobre la especificidad histórico-estructural de la modernización periférica considerando las formas específicas en las que la territorialidad y las relaciones capitalistas de producción se articulan.A coexistência de relações sociais que se definem em diferentes escalas territoriais e a estruturação assimétrica do espaço mundial, com posições centrais e periféricas, constituem duas dimensões centrais da estruturação espacial dos sistemas socioeconômicos. Embora esses dois momentos tenham sido amplamente estudados, suas conexões internas são uma área relativamente menos explorada. Nesse quadro, o trabalho visa explorar as relações intrínsecas entre esses momentos, construindo uma interpretação de cunho histórico-estrutural. Para atingir este objetivo, são avaliadas as principais contribuições que incidiram na especificidade de cada momento, mobilizando diferentes teorias sobre a relação entre a sociedade e o espaço. Em primeiro lugar, analisa-se o desenvolvimento teórico da questão escalar, mostrando como a virada relacional constituiu a aposta teórica chave da articulação entre a unidade mundial do processo de acumulação de capital e sua estruturação espacial em múltiplas escalas. Em segundo lugar, as limitações que esta opção enfrenta são sintetizadas observando a contingência como base de sua apreensão conceitual. Terceiro, adotou-se um critério simétrico para estudar as teorias da dependência e do estruturalismo latino-americano, mostrando como, particularmente neste último caso, potencialidades teóricas se aninham para sintetizar a escalaridade e a estruturação espacial assimétrica dos sistemas socioeconômicos. O trabalho conclui, observando que este último depende do retorno à especificidade histórico-estrutural da modernização periférica, considerando as formas específicas de articulação da territorialidade e das relações capitalistas de produção

Amphilimus- vs. zotarolimus-eluting stents in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the SUGAR trial

Aim: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of adverse events after percutaneous revascularization, with no differences in outcomes between most contemporary drug-eluting stents. The Cre8 EVO stent releases a formulation of sirolimus with an amphiphilic carrier from laser-dug wells, and has shown clinical benefits in diabetes. We aimed to compare Cre8 EVO stents to Resolute Onyx stents (a contemporary polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stent) in patients with diabetes. Methods and results: We did an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial at 23 sites in Spain. Eligible patients had diabetes and required percutaneous coronary intervention. A total of 1175 patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive Cre8 EVO or Resolute Onyx stents. The primary endpoint was target-lesion failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically indicated target-lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up. The trial had a non-inferiority design with a 4% margin for the primary endpoint. A superiority analysis was planned if non-inferiority was confirmed. There were 106 primary events, 42 (7.2%) in the Cre8 EVO group and 64 (10.9%) in the Resolute Onyx group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.96; pnon-inferiority <0.001; psuperiority = 0.030]. Among the secondary endpoints, Cre8 EVO stents had significantly lower rate than Resolute Onyx stents of target-vessel failure (7.5% vs 11.1%, HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.99; p = 0.042). Probable or definite stent thrombosis and all-cause death were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: In patients with diabetes, Cre8 EVO stents were non-inferior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to target-lesion failure composite outcome. An exploratory analysis for superiority at 1 year suggests that the Cre8 EVO stents might be superior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to the same outcome

31 visiones actuales de la transparencia

Treinta y una aportaciones de autores nacionales y extranjeros sobre la transparencia de las instituciones públicas y de los sujetos obligados por la Ley 19/2013 de 9 de diciembre y el derecho de acceso a la información pública

Amphilimus- vs. zotarolimus-eluting stents in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the SUGAR trial.

AIM: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of adverse events after percutaneous revascularization, with no differences in outcomes between most contemporary drug-eluting stents. The Cre8 EVO stent releases a formulation of sirolimus with an amphiphilic carrier from laser-dug wells, and has shown clinical benefits in diabetes. We aimed to compare Cre8 EVO stents to Resolute Onyx stents (a contemporary polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stent) in patients with diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We did an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial at 23 sites in Spain. Eligible patients had diabetes and required percutaneous coronary intervention. A total of 1175 patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive Cre8 EVO or Resolute Onyx stents. The primary endpoint was target-lesion failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically indicated target-lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up. The trial had a non-inferiority design with a 4% margin for the primary endpoint. A superiority analysis was planned if non-inferiority was confirmed. There were 106 primary events, 42 (7.2%) in the Cre8 EVO group and 64 (10.9%) in the Resolute Onyx group [hazard ratio (HR): 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44-0.96; Pnon-inferiority < 0.001; Psuperiority = 0.030]. Among the secondary endpoints, Cre8 EVO stents had significantly lower rate than Resolute Onyx stents of target-vessel failure (7.5% vs. 11.1%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46-0.99; P = 0.042). Probable or definite stent thrombosis and all-cause death were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetes, Cre8 EVO stents were non-inferior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to target-lesion failure composite outcome. An exploratory analysis for superiority at 1 year suggests that the Cre8 EVO stents might be superior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to the same outcome. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03321032

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe