Making the investment provisions of the Energy Charter Treaty sustainable development friendly

Energy Charter Treaty, European Energy Charter, Sustainable development, Investor–state arbitration, International investment law, ICSID, UNCITRAL, Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, Developing countries, Legal assistance, Counterclaim, Bilateral investment treaties, BITs, Konrad von Moltke, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Gleneagles Communique,

Policy variation in donor and recipient status in 11 pediatric renal transplantation centers

Evidence-based guidelines for pediatric renal transplantation (Tx) are lacking. This may lead to unwanted treatment variations. We aimed to quantify the variation in treatment policies and its consequences in daily practice in 11 centers that provide renal Tx for children in three European countries

Immunopathogenesis of membranous nephropathy: an update

International audienceMembranous nephropathy (MN) is a non-inflammatory organ-specific autoimmune disease which affects the kidney glomerulus, resulting in the formation of immune deposits on the outer aspect of the glomerular basement membrane, complement-mediated proteinuria, and severe renal failure in 30% of patients. In the last 10 years, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular bases of MN, with the identification of several antigens and predisposing genes in children and adults. These ground-breaking findings already have a major impact on diagnosis and monitoring and to some extent on therapies. However, there is evidence that the disease is more complex and involves a variety of antigen-antibody systems and genes involved in immune response, progression, recovery, and protective mechanisms. We herein review these recent findings which open new perspectives of research. Understanding the complex pathogenesis of MN will offer many opportunities for future therapeutic interventions and will hopefully have a major impact on patient care. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of MN may also enlighten the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases