Evaluating Humidity and Sea Salt Disturbances on CO2 Flux Measurements

AbstractGlobal oceans are an important sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, understanding the air–sea flux of CO2 is a vital part in describing the global carbon balance. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements are often used to study CO2 fluxes from both land and ocean. Values of CO2 are usually measured with infrared absorption sensors, which at the same time measure water vapor. Studies have shown that the presence of water vapor fluctuations in the sampling air potentially results in erroneous CO2 flux measurements resulting from the cross sensitivity of the sensor. Here measured CO2 fluxes from both enclosed-path Li-Cor 7200 sensors and open-path Li-Cor 7500 instruments from an inland measurement site are compared with a marine site. Also, new quality control criteria based on a relative signal strength indicator (RSSI) are introduced. The sampling gas in one of the Li-Cor 7200 instruments was dried by means of a multitube diffusion dryer so that the water vapor fluxes were close to zero. With this setup the effect that cross sensitivity of the CO2 signal to water vapor can have on the CO2 fluxes was investigated. The dryer had no significant effect on the CO2 fluxes. The study tested the hypothesis that the cross-sensitivity effect is caused by hygroscopic particles such as sea salt by spraying a saline solution on the windows of the Li-Cor 7200 instruments during the inland field test. The results confirm earlier findings that sea salt contamination can affect CO2 fluxes significantly and that drying the sampling air for the gas analyzer is an effective method for reducing this signal contamination.</jats:p

Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid- and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid- and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45°N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at ∼16 ®C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO,.2uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence. © 2010 lOP Publishing Ltd

Exploring data provenance in handwritten text recognition infrastructure:Sharing and reusing ground truth data, referencing models, and acknowledging contributions. Starting the conversation on how we could get it done

This paper discusses best practices for sharing and reusing Ground Truth in Handwritten Text Recognition infrastructures, and ways to reference and acknowledge contributions to the creation and enrichment of data within these Machine Learning systems. We discuss how one can publish Ground Truth data in a repository and, subsequently, inform others. Furthermore, we suggest appropriate citation methods for HTR data, models, and contributions made by volunteers. Moreover, when using digitised sources (digital facsimiles), it becomes increasingly important to distinguish between the physical object and the digital collection. These topics all relate to the proper acknowledgement of labour put into digitising, transcribing, and sharing Ground Truth HTR data. This also points to broader issues surrounding the use of Machine Learning in archival and library contexts, and how the community should begin toacknowledge and record both contributions and data provenance

Exploring Data Provenance in Handwritten Text Recognition Infrastructure: Sharing and Reusing Ground Truth Data, Referencing Models, and Acknowledging Contributions. Starting the Conversation on How We Could Get It Done

This paper discusses best practices for sharing and reusing Ground Truth in Handwritten Text Recognition infrastructures, as well as ways to reference and acknowledge contributions to the creation and enrichment of data within these systems. We discuss how one can place Ground Truth data in a repository and, subsequently, inform others through HTR-United. Furthermore, we want to suggest appropriate citation methods for ATR data, models, and contributions made by volunteers. Moreover, when using digitised sources (digital facsimiles), it becomes increasingly important to distinguish between the physical object and the digital collection. These topics all relate to the proper acknowledgement of labour put into digitising, transcribing, and sharing Ground Truth HTR data. This also points to broader issues surrounding the use of machine learning in archival and library contexts, and how the community should begin to acknowledge and record both contributions and data provenance

Cardiac lymphatics in health and disease

The lymphatic vasculature, which accompanies the blood vasculature in most organs, is indispensable in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and nutritional lipid uptake and transport, as well as in reverse cholesterol transport. In this Review, we discuss the physiological role of the lymphatic system in the heart in the maintenance of cardiac health and describe alterations in lymphatic structure and function that occur in cardiovascular pathology, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. We also briefly discuss the role that immune cells might have in the regulation of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) and function. Finally, we provide examples of how the cardiac lymphatics can be targeted therapeutically to restore lymphatic drainage in the heart to limit myocardial oedema and chronic inflammation.Peer reviewe

Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Peer reviewe

En jämförelse av produktions- och serveringsmetoder

Sjukhusmat är inte bara till för att patienterna ska bli mätta, studier visar också att den har en betydande roll i tillfriskningsprocessen. Det finns flera olika metoder att producera och servera mat på, där samtliga syftar till att ge patienten en så bra service som möjligt. En kvalitativ studie av tre sjukhus i Skandinavien - Danmark, Norge och Sverige utfördes. Efter att ha valt ut ett sjukhus i varje land, utfördes studiebesök med observationer och intervjuer med såväl kockar som ledare för matsektionen. Materialet sammanställdes till kartläggningar av de olika produktions- och serveringsmetoderna och utvärderades med hjälp av SWOT-modellen, det vill säga styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot. Sjukhus A ligger i Sverige och arbetar med varmmatsproduktion, varmhållning och brickservering. Sjukhus B ligger i Danmark och har cook-chill, à la carte och brickservering. Sjukhus C ligger i Norge och använder en kombination av cook-chill, cook-freeze samt vakuumförpackning. På Sjukhus A tillagas maten i köket och skickas upp på avdelningarna i värmeskåp på bestämda tider. På Sjukhus B får patienten maten på beställning och servering sker via containersystem eller scooter och på Sjukhus C finns mindre mottagningskök på varje avdelning, så kallade postvertkök, där maten färdigställs innan den serveras. Studiens resultat visar bland annat att medarbetare och ledare vid samtliga tre sjukhus är nöjda med sina produktions- och serveringsmetoder trots att dessa skiljer sig avsevärt. En slutsats i undersökningen är att olika produktionsmetoder används vid de olika sjukhusen eftersom de har olika förutsättningar

From "ädelreform" to "LOV" : An analysis of New Public Management in Swedish elderly care

This thesis analyzes two bills that has led to two of the most extensive health care reforms in Sweden over the last thirty years by using a descriptive idea analysis. The purpose of the thesis is to explore traces of New Public Management in the bills, through the characteristics decentralization, marketization and customer orientation. Results show that traces of New Public Management can be found in both bills, although in various ways. The bill produced in the 1990’s show evidence of decentralization, while the bill produced in the 2010’s show evidence of marketization and customer orientation