Sistema de captura de variables cinéticas de bicicletas horizontales para simulación

In this study, a system has been developed that measures the speed, the turning angle, and the braking force in bicycles or tricycles in static mode. The system also electromechanically controls the resistance to pedaling, opening the possibility of using the system in conjunction with a virtual reality simulator for a computer to offer a new rehabilitation tool for lower limb amputees that use prostheses. The study was divided into two stages. The first was a proof of concept, implemented on a bicycle, evaluating the system requirements, the possible solutions, the necessary couplings for the selected sensors and actuators to test its operation's effectiveness. In the second stage, the system was coupled to a horizontal three-wheeled bicycle with new adjustments and improvements to evaluate its performance. The sensors and actuators implemented, together with the appropriate coupling systems, worked as expected. Hence, a new rehabilitation alternative for amputees is generated based on an appropriate communication protocol with a simulator.En este estudio se desarrolló un sistema que mide la velocidad, el ángulo de giro y la fuerza de frenado en bicicletas o triciclos en modo estático, controlando la resistencia al pedaleo electromecánicamente, abriendo la posibilidad de usar el sistema en conjunto con un simulador de realidad virtual para computador, con el objetivo de ofrecer una nueva herramienta de rehabilitación para amputados de miembro inferior que usan prótesis. Se dividió el estudio en dos etapas, la primera fue una prueba de concepto implementada sobre una bicicleta, evaluando los requerimientos del sistema, las posibles soluciones, los acoples necesarios para los sensores y actuadores seleccionados con el fin de evaluar la efectividad del funcionamiento. En la segunda etapa se acopló el sistema a una bicicleta horizontal de tres ruedas mediante ajustes y mejoras, para finalmente evaluar el desempeño del sistema. Los sensores y actuadores implementados, en conjunto con los sistemas de acople apropiados, los cuales funcionaron de acuerdo con lo esperado, de manera que, con un protocolo de comunicación apropiado con un simulador, se genera una nueva alternativa de rehabilitación para amputados

Jardín [es] el lugar de lo posible

Vivimos la ciudad como un territorio en el que se habita, donde la noción de espacio y tiempo están implícitos en las maneras o modos como se vive en ella. Es así como estos conceptos se vinculan, y, aunque la palabra espacio se utiliza con mucha frecuencia, es claro que todavía la relacionamos con espacios físicos. Sin embargo, lo espacial también supone otras formas de comprensión de la realidad, como es el caso de los espacios vivos los cuales aquí denominaremos jardines y biotopos, por su carácter diverso, dinámico y heterogéneo, lugares que intentaremos proponer a partir de la creación de dinámicas, prácticas, acciones y movimientos, que llamaremos ecotonos. Estos nos permiten entrever de qué manera el espacio se temporaliza y el tiempo se espacializa (Bourriaud, 2009: 89), mediante las reacciones e interacciones entre los habitantes, logrando evidenciar estos modos que conocemos como construcciones de lo social , que en ocasiones pasan desapercibidos dentro de la vida urbana.We live the city as a territory where we inhabit, where the notion of time and space is implicit, and determines the ways to be in that city. Thus space and time are linked, and although the word space is used very often, it is clear that it still relates to physical spaces. Nevertheless, it also comprehends other forms of understanding reality, like the case of living spaces which we will refer to as gardens and biotopes due to its diverse, dynamics and heterogeneous character. Besides, we will try to propose places that we will call ecotones, regarding the creation of dynamics, practices, actions, and movements that will allows us to evidence how space is temporalized and time is spatialized (Bourriaud, 2009: 89). We will acknowledge the ways that we know as social constructions by exposing the reaction and interactions among its habitants.Diseñador (a) IndustrialPregrad

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de cundinamarca y norte de santander

En el siguiente informe presentaremos un análisis crítico de los impactos psicosociales que genera la guerra en nuestro país, pues en Colombia el conflicto armado interno ha sido uno de los problemas políticos con más duración en el mundo, se ha mantenido vigente por más de cinco décadas y hoy en día, pese al acuerdo de paz firmado con la guerrilla de las FARC (Fuerza Armada Revolucionaria de Colombia), en el año 2016, aún se mantienen varios Grupos Armados Organizados y Grupos Armados Organizados Residuales, como la guerrilla del ELN, los grupos de disidentes que no se sometieron al proceso de paz y grupos los paramilitares, el resultado ha sido comunidades enteras desplazadas de sus territorios, en el siguiente trabajo encontraremos dos casos que han sido víctimas por esta guerra; una es el “Caso Peñas Coloradas” donde después de realizar unas respuesta orientadoras generaremos estrategias de abordaje psicosocial permitiendo abordar diferentes alternativas de trabajo con la comunidad que han sufrido directamente el conflicto armado. Con el grupo de estudiantes seleccionamos el caso de “Carlos Arturo su amigo y su familia” donde se evidencia las diferentes problemáticas psicosociales que se encuentra directamente relacionadas con el desplazamiento forzado, amenazas de muerte, la desvinculación territorial, el abandono político, entre otras; que han dejado secuelas difíciles de borrar. Finalmente, se deja en evidencia las técnicas de la narrativa y foto voz y su significancia en la intervención psicosocial desde el abordaje de fenómenos, tales como, la estigmatización, la discriminación y el miedo como miembros de las diferentes comunidades de nuestro país que han sufrido el conflicto armado, así mismo las causales que a su vez han influido en la desestructuración del tejido social, la vulneración de los Derechos Humanos y la pérdida de identidad individual y colectiva de estas comunidades.In the following report we will present a critical analysis of the psychosocial impacts generated by the war in our country, since in Colombia the internal armed conflict has been one of the longest-lasting political problems in the world, it has remained in force for more than five decades and Today, despite the peace agreement signed with the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) guerrilla, in 2016, there are still several Organized Armed Groups and Residual Organized Armed Groups, such as the ELN guerrilla, the groups of dissidents who did not submit to the peace process and paramilitary groups, and the result is many communities displaced by these events. In the following work we will find two cases that have been victims of this war; one is the case of “Peñas Coloradas” where after conducting some guiding responses we will generate psychosocial approach strategies allowing us to address different work alternatives with the community that have suffered directly from the armed conflict. With the group of students, we selected the case of "Carlos Arturo his friend and his family" where the different psychosocial problems that are directly related to forced displacement, death threats, territorial disengagement, political abandonment, among others, are evident; that have left consequences difficult to erase. Finally, the techniques of narrative and photo-voice and their significance in psychosocial intervention from the approach of phenomena, such as stigmatization, discrimination and fear as members of the different communities of our country that have suffered the armed conflict, as well as the causes that in turn have influenced the breakdown of the social fabric, the violation of Human Rights and the loss of individual and collective identity of these communitie

Mass-Transport Complexes as Markers of Deep-Water Fold-and-Thrust Belt Evolution: Insights From the Southern Magdalena Fan, Offshore Colombia

Mass-wasting of tectonically active margins is an important process in the degradation of deep-water fold-and-thrust belts. However, tectono-stratigraphic links between mass-transport complexes (MTCs), the evolution of MTC basal surfaces, and the timing, and spatial progression of deformation have not been extensively studied. This study uses high-quality, 3D seismic reflection data from the southern Magdalena Fan, offshore Colombia to investigate how the growth of a deep-water fold-and-thrust belt (the southern Sinú Fold Belt) is reflected in the source, distribution and size of MTCs. At least 11 distinct, but now-coalesced MTCs, overlie this surface. Their size and source location changed through time: the oldest, ‘detached’ MTCs are relatively small (10-160 km2) and sourced from the flanks of growing anticlines; the younger, ‘shelf-attached’ MTCs are considerably larger (200-400 km2), are sourced from the shelf and post-date the main phase of active thrusting and folding. Changes in the source, distribution and size of MTCs are tied to the sequential nucleation, amplification and along-strike propagation of individual structures showing that MTCs can be used to constrain the timing and style of deformation, and seascape evolution in time and space. The basal surface of the largest MTC was created by multiple syn-tectonic and post-tectonic mass-wasting events, is highly diachronous and represents an extended period of slope instability. Thus, the geometry and extent of MTC basal surfaces can evolve through time, and the deposits that overlie them do not necessarily record the processes that led to their creation. These insights complicate assessments of the anatomy and genesis of MTC basal surfaces and could be applied at deeper burial depths where seismic resolution may be poor

Las algas desmidiáceas como indicadoras: Mateyuca y Flor amarilla, dos morichales testigo de la biodiversidad del Orinoco

Fil: Duque, Santiago R.. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones. Imani. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Leticia; ColombiaFil: Marciales-Caro, Lili Joana. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones. Imani. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Leticia; ColombiaFil: Castro-Roa, Denise. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones. Imani. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Leticia; ColombiaFil: Cano, María Gabriela. División Ficología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Calderón-Chérrez, María José. Universidad Central del Ecuador. Escuela de BiologíaFil: Echenique, Ricardo Omar. División Ficología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

The origin and diversification of the hyperdiverse flora in the Chocó biogeographic region

Extremely high levels of plant diversity in the American tropics are derived from multiple interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Previous studies have focused on macro-evolutionary dynamics of the Tropical Andes, Amazonia, and Brazil’s Cerrado and Atlantic forests during the last decade. Yet, other equally important Neotropical biodiversity hotspots have been severely neglected. This is particularly true for the Chocó region on the north-western coast of South and Central America. This geologically complex region is Earth’s ninth most biodiverse hotspot, hosting approximately 3% of all known plant species. Here, we test Gentry’s [1982a,b] hypothesis of a northern Andean-Central American Pleistocene origin of the Chocoan flora using phylogenetic reconstructions of representative plant lineages in the American tropics. We show that plant diversity in the Chocó is derived mostly from Andean immigrants. Contributions from more distant biogeographical areas also exist but are fewer. We also identify a strong floristic connection between the Chocó and Central America, revealed by multiple migrations into the Chocó during the last 5 Ma. The dated phylogenetic reconstructions suggest a Plio-Pleistocene onset of the extant Chocó flora. Taken together, these results support to a limited extend Gentry’s hypothesis of a Pleistocene origin and of a compound assembly of the Chocoan biodiversity hotspot. Strong Central American–Chocoan floristic affinity may be partly explained by the accretion of a land mass derived from the Caribbean plate to north-western South America. Additional densely sampled phylogenies of Chocoan lineages also well represented across the Neotropics could enlighten the role of land mass movements through time in the assembly of floras in Neotropical biodiversity hotspots

Phylogenetic and Morphologic Analyses of a Coastal Fish Reveals a Marine Biogeographic Break of Terrestrial Origin in the Southern Caribbean

Marine allopatric speciation involves interplay between intrinsic organismal properties and extrinsic factors. However, the relative contribution of each depends on the taxon under study and its geographic context. Utilizing sea catfishes in the Cathorops mapale species group, this study tests the hypothesis that both reproductive strategies conferring limited dispersal opportunities and an apparent geomorphologic barrier in the Southern Caribbean have promoted speciation in this group from a little studied area of the world.Mitochondrial gene sequences were obtained from representatives of the Cathorops mapale species group across its distributional range from Colombia to Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic analyses were also done to assess morphologic variation. Along a approximately 2000 km transect, two major lineages, Cathorops sp. and C. mapale, were identified by levels of genetic differentiation, phylogenetic reconstructions, and morphological analyses. The lineages are separated by approximately 150 km at the Santa Marta Massif (SMM) in Colombia. The northward displacement of the SMM into the Caribbean in the early Pleistocene altered the geomorphology of the continental margin, ultimately disrupting the natural habitat of C. mapale. The estimated approximately 0.86 my divergence of the lineages from a common ancestor coincides with the timing of the SMM displacement at approximately 0.78 my.Results presented here support the hypothesis that organismal properties as well as extrinsic factors lead to diversification of the Cathorops mapale group along the northern coast of South America. While a lack of pelagic larval stages and ecological specialization are forces impacting this process, the identification of the SMM as contributing to allopatric speciation in marine organisms adds to the list of recognized barriers in the Caribbean. Comparative examination of additional Southern Caribbean taxa, particularly those with varying life history traits and dispersal capabilities, will determine the extent by which the SMM has influenced marine phylogeography in the region

Ludoteca escolar : orientaciones para su creación, organización y uso pedagógico

Este texto, resulta de la retroalimentación con los diversos actores educativos que participaron en el proyecto - docentes y estudiantes , convirtiéndose en una herramienta de apoyo metodológico para el diseño de actividades en la ludoteca escolar de las Instituciones Educativas

Mature Andean forests as globally important carbon sinks and future carbon refuges

It is largely unknown how South America’s Andean forests affect the global carbon cycle, and thus regulate climate change. Here, we measure aboveground carbon dynamics over the past two decades in 119 monitoring plots spanning a range of >3000 m elevation across the subtropical and tropical Andes. Our results show that Andean forests act as strong sinks for aboveground carbon (0.67 ± 0.08 Mg C ha−1 y−1) and have a high potential to serve as future carbon refuges. Aboveground carbon dynamics of Andean forests are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate and size-dependent mortality of trees. The increasing aboveground carbon stocks offset the estimated C emissions due to deforestation between 2003 and 2014, resulting in a net total uptake of 0.027 Pg C y−1. Reducing deforestation will increase Andean aboveground carbon stocks, facilitate upward species migrations, and allow for recovery of biomass losses due to climate change.Fil: Duque, Alvaro. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Peña, Miguel A.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Cuesta, Francisco. Universidad de Las Américas; EcuadorFil: González Caro, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Kennedy, Peter. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Phillips, Oliver L.. University of Leeds; Reino UnidoFil: Calderón Loor, Marco. Universidad de Las Américas; EcuadorFil: Blundo, Cecilia Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cayola, Leslie. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Farfán Ríos, William. Washington University in St. Louis; Estados UnidosFil: Fuentes, Alfredo. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Homeier, Jürgen. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Loza-Rivera, María I.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Malhi, Yadvinder. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Malizia, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Malizia, Lucio Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Villa, Johanna A.. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Myers, Jonathan A.. Washington University in St. Louis; Estados UnidosFil: Osinaga Acosta, Oriana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Peralvo, Manuel. No especifíca;Fil: Pinto, Esteban. No especifíca;Fil: Saatchi, Sassan. Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Silman, Miles. Center For Energy, Environment And Sustainability; Estados UnidosFil: Tello, J. Sebastián. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Terán Valdez, Andrea. No especifíca;Fil: Feeley, Kenneth J.. University of Miami; Estados Unido

Mature Andean forests as globally important carbon sinks and future carbon refuges

It is largely unknown how South America’s Andean forests affect the global carbon cycle, and thus regulate climate change. Here, we measure aboveground carbon dynamics over the past two decades in 119 monitoring plots spanning a range of >3000 m elevation across the subtropical and tropical Andes. Our results show that Andean forests act as strong sinks for aboveground carbon (0.67 ± 0.08 Mg C ha−1 y−1) and have a high potential to serve as future carbon refuges. Aboveground carbon dynamics of Andean forests are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate and size-dependent mortality of trees. The increasing aboveground carbon stocks offset the estimated C emissions due to deforestation between 2003 and 2014, resulting in a net total uptake of 0.027 Pg C y−1. Reducing deforestation will increase Andean aboveground carbon stocks, facilitate upward species migrations, and allow for recovery of biomass losses due to climate change.Fil: Duque, Alvaro. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Peña, Miguel A.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Cuesta, Francisco. Universidad de Las Américas; EcuadorFil: González Caro, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Kennedy, Peter. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Phillips, Oliver L.. University of Leeds; Reino UnidoFil: Calderón Loor, Marco. Universidad de Las Américas; EcuadorFil: Blundo, Cecilia Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cayola, Leslie. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Farfán Ríos, William. Washington University in St. Louis; Estados UnidosFil: Fuentes, Alfredo. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Homeier, Jürgen. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Loza-Rivera, María I.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Malhi, Yadvinder. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Malizia, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Malizia, Lucio Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Villa, Johanna A.. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Myers, Jonathan A.. Washington University in St. Louis; Estados UnidosFil: Osinaga Acosta, Oriana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Peralvo, Manuel. No especifíca;Fil: Pinto, Esteban. No especifíca;Fil: Saatchi, Sassan. Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Silman, Miles. Center For Energy, Environment And Sustainability; Estados UnidosFil: Tello, J. Sebastián. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Terán Valdez, Andrea. No especifíca;Fil: Feeley, Kenneth J.. University of Miami; Estados Unido