The Peñalara Massif (Spanish Central System). Morphostructure and modelling

El Macizo de Peñalara se localiza en el sector central de la Sierra de Guadarrama (Sistema Central Español) y sus cimas sobrepasan en unos 200 m el nivel general de cumbres que presenta aquí 2100 m de cota media absoluta (Fig. 1). En la estructura de bloques (Block mountain) que caracteriza el relieve de esta montaña intraplaca de reactivación Alpina, el Macizo de Peñalara corresponde a una dovela flanqueada por bloques más deprimidos (Fig. 2). Los límites del Macizo están asociados a fallas y, dentro de ellas, destacan las pertenecientes a los sistemas NNE-SSW y NNW-SSE (Fig. 3). La litología dominante del zócalo son ortogneises glandulares (también hay algunos leucocráticos) de edad preordovícica. Localmente aparecen rocas plutónicas (leucogranitos aplíticos) y filonianas (Aplitas) del ciclo hercínico. Los sedimentos de las coberteras mesozoicas (del Cretácico) y cenozoicas (del Paleógeno y Mioceno) y los recubrimientos de mayor entidad (de origen fluvial) se localizan en la fosa o depresión intramontana aledaña de El Paular o Alto Lozoya (Fig. 4). En el Macizo, sin embargo, afloran los materiales del zócalo o aparece recubiertos por Formaciones Superficiales o depósitos reciente (cuaternarios) discontinuos y de poca entidad: es le caso de los depósitos fluvioglaciares y torrenciales de los fondos de las gargantas, los tills de los complejos morrénicos pleistocenos (Fig. 5), y los depósitos de vertiente (aglomerados de bloques o canchales y lenguas de solifluxión) debidos a la actividad periglaciar. En hombreras, rellanos, y planicies de las cimas o de los piedemontes, abundan las depresiones semi-endorreicas (navas, algunas de origen cárstico) donde se producen fenómenos de decantación de finos (limos, arcillas) y reducción (depósitos turbosos). En las cimas y tramos superiores de las laderas, en cotas que superan los 2000 m., hay formaciones de ambiente frío (nivación y ciclos de helada), con signos de actividad. Son surcos o canales de arroyada por fusión nival, flujo de derrubios (debris flow), pedreras de bloques con crestas de imbricación, y suelos estructurados (rosetas, guirnaldas, enlosados) con signos de flujo (Figs. 6 y 7). La magnitud e intensidad de dichos fenómenos, es un tema que se debe investigarse en profundidad y servirá para concretar la idoneidad o no de definir estas áreas como un verdadero ambiente o piso periglaciar.The Peñalara Massif is located in the central area of the Guadarrama Mountains (Spanish Central System), and it constitutes the highest terrains within this mountain range (Peñalara Peak, 2428 m). The mountain tops exceed here about 200 m the generalized level of summits, which in this area of the Central System reach 2100 metres above sea level on average (Fig. 1). These topographic characteristics, along with its northern and continental imprint, make possible to argue about the presence of a current periglacial environment in the Peñalara Massif. This environment would be equivalent to the cryo-Mediterranean vegetation layer (summit grasslands). For the morpho-structure of serialized blocks (block mountain) which characterizes this intra-plate –Alpine reactivated-type— mountain, the Peñalara massif represents the ‘keystone’, to which other down-thrown blocks are laterally attached (Fig. 2). The appearance or physiognomy formed by this structural arrangement is the so-called ‘stairway piedmont’ (piedmonttreppen). The massif boundaries are related to faults, within which two systems are predominant: NNE-SSW and NNWSSE (Fig. 3). The faults which define the boundaries of the front Massif with respect to its interior valleys (El Paular and Alto Eresma) belong to the first system. The faults which define the link between the summit plains and the slope shelves belong to the second system. Orthoderived metamorphic rocks (from pre-Hercynian/pre-Ordovician rocks) constitute the predominant lithology of the basement. They are mostly glandular gneisses, but also leuco-gneisses. Locally, they appear Hercynian and post-Ordovician plutonic (aplitic leuco-granite) and dyke (aplite) rocks. As far as the sedimentary cover is concerned, including recent deposits, they are preferably concentrated at the basis of the Massif, and also in its slopes (Fig. 4). Sedimentary cover is mainly represented by Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations, located at the bottom of the El Paular (or Alto Lozoya) Valley graben. They consist in Cretaceous carbonate (dolomites and marl) and detritic (sands and sandstone) rocks, and also Palaeogene (conglomerate and sands) and Neogene (conglomerate and arkoses of the Miocene) rocks. Piedmont and valley-filling surficial deposits have a major fluvio-torrential origin (alluvial fans and fluvial terraces), of a Pleistocene age. To a lesser extent, there are also channel deposits (alluvial sand, silt, gravel and pebbles) and almost-endorreic lowland sediments (some of them of karstic origin, filling sinkhole-type pits), where decanting of silt and clay –and reduction processes, with peat formation— occurs. Recent slope deposits, despite not being of a great entity in this massif, they have an interest for the interpretation of cold climate geomorphic processes—they are fluvio-glacial and torrential deposits in gorge bottoms, glacial tills and moraine deposits (Fig. 5) and hillslope sediments (scree, talus slope and solifluction lobes), originated by periglacial (cryogenic) activity. Within the summits and the highest zones of the slopes, almost always above 2000 m.a.s.l, there are surficial deposits with signs of current activity, which will be determining factors in order to establish the current magnitude of the cold climate geomorphic activity (snow and freeze-and-thaw processes). Examples of these surficial deposits and landforms are avalanche gullies and debris flow channels, imbricate stones and small ridges within talus slope deposits, and patterned grounds (stripes, garlands and stone pavements) with signs of current flow (Figs. 6 and 7). The magnitude and intensity of these cold climate processes is an issue that should be investigated deeply (a first step is the periglacial processes gauge at Dos Hermanas). This research will serve for defining or not these areas as a truly periglacial environment.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Effects of oral prednisone administration on serum cystatin C in dogs

ANTECEDENTES La administración oral de glucocorticoides altera la concentración sérica de cistatina C (sCysC) en humanos. OBJETIVO Determinar si la administración oral de prednisona altera la sCysC en perros sin enfermedad renal preexistente. Los animales Se incluyeron cuarenta y seis perros: 10 perros diagnosticados con meningitis arterial esteroide sensible (SRMA; grupo A), 20 perros diagnosticados de hiperadrenocorticismo hipofisario-dependiente (PDH; grupo B) y 16 perros control sanos (grupo C). Metodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo. A los perros diagnosticados con SRMA se les administró prednisona 4 mg / kg / 24 h PO 7 días, reduciendo la dosis a 2 mg / kg / 24 h 7 días antes del retiro de la medicación. En el grupo A, el muestreo se realizó en los días 0, 7, 14 y un control final en el día 21. Se recogieron muestras de sangre y orina en los 3 grupos, y en el grupo A, el muestreo se realizó en todos los puntos de tiempo (días 1, 7). , 14, y 21). RESULTADOS En el grupo A, sCysC fue significativamente mayor en el día 7 en comparación con el grupo de control (0,4 ± 0,04 mg / l vs. 0,18 ± 0,03 mg / l medio ± SEM respectivamente P 0.05). Los perros con PDH incluidos en el grupo B no tuvieron diferencias significativas en sCysC (0.22 ± 0.03 mg / L) en comparación con el control (P> 0.05). CONCLUSIONES Y IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA La administración oral de prednisona, a diferencia de la producción alterada de glucocorticoides endógenos, aumenta la sCysC en perros de una manera dependiente de la dosis.BACKGROUND Oral administration of glucocorticoid alters serum cystatin C (sCysC) concentration in humans. OBJECTIVE To determine if oral administration of prednisone alters sCysC in dogs without pre‐existing renal disease. ANIMALS Forty six dogs were included: 10 dogs diagnosed with steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; group A), 20 dogs diagnosed of pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH; group B), and 16 healthy control dogs (group C). METHODS Retrospective observational study. SRMA diagnosed dogs were administered prednisone 4 mg/kg/24 h PO 7 days, reducing the dose to 2 mg/kg/24 h 7 days before medication withdrawal. In group A, sampling was performed at days 0, 7, 14 and a final control at day 21. Blood and urine samples were collected in the 3 groups, and in group A, sampling was performed at all time points (days 1, 7, 14, and 21). RESULTS In group A, sCysC was significantly higher at day 7 compared to the control group (0.4 ± 0.04 mg/L vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 mg/L mean ± SEM respectively P 0.05). Dogs with PDH included in group B did not have significant differences in sCysC (0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L) compared to control (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of prednisone unlike altered endogenous glucocorticoid production, increases sCysC in dogs in a dose‐dependent fashion.• Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Beca Juan de la Cierva IJCI-2014-19428, para Beatriz Macías GarcíapeerReviewe

Environmental assessment: Landform Classification for Land Use Planning in Developed Areas: An Example in Segovia Province (Central Spain)

Landform-based physiographic maps, also called land systems inventories, have been widely and successfully used in undeveloped/rural areas in several locations, such as Australia, the western United States, Canada, and the British ex-colonies. This paper presents a case study of their application in a developed semi-urban/suburban area (Segovia, Spain) for land use planning purposes. The paper focuses in the information transfer process, showing how land use decision-makers, such as governments, planners, town managers, etc., can use the information developed from these maps to assist them. The paper also addresses several issues important to the development and use of this information, such as the goals of modem physiography, the types of landform-based mapping products, the problem of data management in developed areas, and the distinctions among data, interpretations, and decisions.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

A Rare Case of a Primary Unilateral Low-Grade Paratesticular Leiomyosarcoma in a 2 Years Old Dog

A 2 years old dog was brought to the clinic with complains of testicular enlargement. The tissue was diffusely affected as confirmed by ultrasonographic examination, being the right testicle atrophied and the right epididymis enlarged, with loss of echotexture and presence of several anechogenic areas. The situation required the excision of the referred testicle and epididymis. Final diagnose made by histopathological analysis was primary unilateral low-grade paratesticular leiomyosarcoma. Scarce bibliography is found on this matter, with several cases reported on human, and none in dog. This case report is therefore an important milestone on the area of small animal oncology directly related to the reproductive tissue

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Aplicación de la técnica de insonación de las arterias del cráneo del perro mediante ecografía Doppler transcraneal en medicina canina

El objetivo de la realización de este trabajo es contribuir al estudio de la circulación sanguínea cerebral en la especie canina. Se han utilizado 30 perros de diferente raza, edad y sexo, sanos, a los que se les realizó ecografía Doppler Duplex Color Transcraneal a través de ventana temporal, para exploración de las arterias cerebrales rostral, media y posterior del lado izquierdo y derecho (polígono de Willis), y a través de la ventana suboccipital para la arteria basilar. La exploración ecográfica consistió en: 1. Análisis del espectro Doppler de cada vaso objeto de estudio. Tras adaptar el volumen de muestra y la realización de las correcciones del ángulo Doppler, se evaluó el patrón de ondas y sobre la gráfica se midió la velocidad sistólica, media, diastólica, IR e IP. 2. Maniobras de compresión carotídea para facilitar la identificación de las arterias exploradas a través de la ventana temporal, a la vez que se obtiene el registro del flujo arterial mediante Doppler pulsado. 3. Evaluación de cambios hemodinámicos en la circulación cerebral tras la administración de 2 protocolos de sedación, medetomidina y medetomidina. Tras la sedación con ambos protocolos se observó una disminución en los valores de la velocidad sistólica, media y final diastólica en la arteria cerebral media y una disminución de la velocidad sistólica, IR e IP en la arteria basilar. Se han descrito los cambios hemodinámicos observados en las principales arterias de la base del cerebro en dos casos clínicos: encefalopatía hepática por shunt portosistémico congénito y carcinoma nasal que se extendía hasta la porción rostral del cerebro y presentaba signos neurológicos.The Doppler Duplex Color Transcraneal Ultrasound was used on thirty dogs of different breeds, sex and ages, clinically healthy, with the purpose of contributing to the study of cerebral blood circulation. The temporal window was used for the exploration of the rostral, middle and posterior cerebral arteries, both on the left and the right side of the cranium (Circle of Willis). The suboccipital window was used to study the basilar artery. The ultrasound exploration consisted: 1. Analysis of the Doppler spectrum: In every vessel studied, after adapting the sample volume and performing the corrections of the Doppler angle, every wave pattern was evaluated and the systolic, mean and diastolic velocities, along with the RI and PI was measured on the graph. 2. Carotid compression maneuvers: Facilitates the identification of the explored arteries through the temporal window, while obtaining the registry of arterial flow with pulsating Doppler. 3. To study the hemodynamic changes in the cerebral circulation were studied after the administration of two protocols of sedation: medetomidine and medetomidine. After sedation, reduction of the systolic, mean and final diastolic velocity parameters in the middle cerebral artery was observed and a lowering of the systolic velocity, RI and PI were observed in the basilar artery. Hemodynamic changes have been observed and described in the main arteries of the base of the cerebrum in a dog with hepatic encephalopathy due to a congenital portosystemic shunt and a dog with a nasal carcinoma which extended to the rostral portion of the cerebrum and presented neurological symptoms

Diagnóstico por imagen de las enfermedades del aparato urinario: Ecografía

Este capítulo aborda las técnicas de diagnóstico por imagen, empleando la ecografía, para el conocimiento de las diferentes patologías del aparato urinario en gatos y perros.This chapter deals with diagnostic imaging techniques, using ultrasound, to understand the different pathologies of the urinary system in cats and dogs.peerReviewe

Patología médica veterinaria: enfermedades del aparato urinario en el perro y en el gato

El objetivo principal de este libro es ayudar a los alumnos del Grado de Veterinaria de los últimos cursos a conocer y comprender las principales enfermedades del aparato urinario que aquejan a los perros y a los gatos, así como servir de consulta a veterinarios en ejercicio, cuyo campo de trabajo sea la medicina de Pequeños Animales. Para ello se ha dividido en varios bloques o capítulos. En el primero se procede a realizar un estudio sobre el concepto de azoemia, fundamental para entender las importantes consecuencias que se derivan de un funcionamiento alterado de los riñones. Continúa con el estudio del daño renal agudo y de la enfermedad renal crónica, procesos de frecuente presentación tanto en medicina canina como felina. En el segundo se abordan las glomerulopatías. Constituyen un conjunto de causas que frecuentemente son las responsables del desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica, tanto en perros como en gatos, aunque su frecuencia de presentación parece ser mayor en el primero. A continuación, y para completar el estudio de las enfermedades que afectan a los distintos segmentos de la nefrona, se abordan los principales procesos que afectan a los túbulos renales. Constituyen un grupo de enfermedades a menudo mal diagnosticadas o, incluso, no incluidas en el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades renales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, a medida que se disponen de nuevos biomarcadores renales, cada vez adquieren más importancia. Se incluye también el estudio de la pielonefritis, que cursa con inflamación del parénquima y de la pelvis renal. El estudio de las enfermedades de las vías urinarias constituye un bloque fundamental, sobre todo por la alta frecuencia de presentación de sus enfermedades. Las cistitis constituyen un problema común en medicina de pequeños animales que, en los últimos años, han alcanzado especial relevancia como consecuencia de la resistencia a los antibióticos observada en nuestras mascotas. También es motivo frecuente de consulta la enfermedad del tracto urinario inferior en el gato. Es fundamental conocer su etiopatogenia, cómo proceder a su diagnóstico y el manejo adecuado del animal, e instaurar un tratamiento correcto y acorde a la gravedad del proceso, teniendo en cuenta las peculiaridades de la especie a la que afecta. Hemos creído importante también incluir un capítulo sobre enfermedades renales familiares y congénitas en el perro y en el gato, haciendo especial énfasis en las razas más afectadas, lo que a menudo constituye una importante ayuda en el diagnóstico. Por último, y para facilitar el proceso diagnóstico de todas las enfermedades descritas, aunque en cada capítulo se enumeran los métodos de diagnóstico necesarios, se ha procedido a confeccionar cuatro capítulos más, dos de diagnóstico laboratorial y otros dos de diagnóstico por imagen, de especial interés y utilidad práctica en las enfermedades abordadas. En ellos se describen las principales técnicas diagnósticas y su utilidad.The main objective of this book is to help students in the final years of the Veterinary Degree to know and understand the main diseases of the urinary system that afflict dogs and cats, as well as to serve as a reference for practising veterinarians whose field of work is Small Animal Medicine. To this end, it has been divided into several blocks or chapters. In the first, a study is made of the concept of azoaemia, which is fundamental for understanding the important consequences that derive from an altered functioning of the kidneys. It continues with the study of acute kidney damage and chronic kidney disease, processes frequently encountered in both canine and feline medicine. The second section deals with glomerulopathies. These are a group of causes that are frequently responsible for the development of chronic renal disease in both dogs and cats, although their frequency of presentation seems to be greater in the former. In order to complete the study of diseases affecting the different segments of the nephron, the main processes affecting the renal tubules are discussed below. They constitute a group of diseases that are often misdiagnosed or even not included in the differential diagnosis of renal diseases. However, in recent years, as new renal biomarkers have become available, they have become increasingly important. The study of pyelonephritis, which causes inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis, is also included. The study of urinary tract diseases is a fundamental block, especially due to the high frequency of presentation of these diseases. Cystitis is a common problem in small animal medicine and has become particularly relevant in recent years due to the antibiotic resistance observed in our pets. Lower urinary tract disease in the cat is also a frequent reason for consultation. It is essential to know its aetiopathogenesis, how to proceed with its diagnosis and the appropriate management of the animal, and to establish a correct treatment according to the severity of the process, taking into account the peculiarities of the species affected. We thought it was also important to include a chapter on familial and congenital renal diseases in dogs and cats, with special emphasis on the most affected breeds, which is often an important aid to diagnosis. Finally, in order to facilitate the diagnostic process for all the diseases described, although each chapter lists the necessary diagnostic methods, four further chapters have been included, two on laboratory diagnosis and two on diagnostic imaging, which are of particular interest and practical use in the diseases covered. These chapters describe the main diagnostic techniques and their usefulness.peerReviewe