El enfoque de la dominancia en el análisis de la pobreza. El caso de Uruguay.

In the last two decades, the interest in learning about the poverty levels of the different countries has reflected growing concer. This has been partly due to the economic recession and the high rates of unemployment that the western economies have gone through during that period, and partly, because the 80s has proved to be a difficult decade for many developing countries, especially for Latin America where there has been an increase in both the total number of poor people and its percentage in relation to total population. In the context of Latin America, the case of Uruguay presents some peculiarities of its own. It is a small county (of over three million people) which presents acceptable levels of infrastructure, a public sanitary and educational syste and which has been historically known for having some of the best levels of social indicators in the continent (both for per capita income and for poverty and inequality). In the present paper we aim to apply the methodology developed by Jenkins and Lambert (1997) to the study of poverty evolution in urban Uruguay between 1991 and 1997. To do so we shall make use of the information supplied by Continuous Household Surveys conducted by the Statistics National Institute in Uruguay.

Poverty among same-sex couple families in the United States: Is there a premium for married couples?

This paper explores the monetary poverty of families headed by same-sex couples, a group understudied in the poverty literature. This research contributes to the literature by documenting how same-sex couples rank with respect to different-sex couples when (a) employing poverty indicators that allow us to move beyond the poverty incidence; (b) measuring not only absolute poverty, which is the usual approach in US studies, but also relative poverty; and (c) distinguishing between married and cohabiting same-sex couples to determine whether they have the same marriage premium as different-sex couples do. Using a reweighting procedure to account for differences in basic characteristics, we document that married/cohabiting male same-sex couples have conditional poverty levels similar to those of married different-sex couples with some indicators, although when using other indicators, they have more poverty. The disadvantage of married male same-sex couples with respect to married different-sex couples increases when moving beyond poverty incidence. Female same-sex couples have more conditional poverty than married different-sex couples regardless of the poverty measure and marital status of the couple. We also find that the marriage premium is unclear for families headed by same-sex couples. Married same-sex couples tend to have more poverty than their cohabiting peers when we move beyond the poverty incidence, with differences among these two groups in the very low tail of their income distributions. Far from the stereotype that married same-sex couples are well off, our results suggest the existence of higher extreme poverty among married female same-sex couples.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2022-137352NB-C42Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113440GB-I00Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Privilege and hindrance on the USA earnings distribution by gender and race/ethnicity: an intersectional framework with 12 groups

Purpose: This paper explores the wages of White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American and “other race” women and men once differences in basic characteristics among these 12 groups are accounted for. The authors aim to extend comparisons beyond those of women and men of the same race or the various races within a given gender. Design/methodology/approach: To undertake the conditional analysis, first, the authors propose a simple re-weighing scheme that allows to build a counterfactual economy in which workers' attributes for all gender–race/ethnicity groups are the same. Second, the authors use a well-known re-weighting scheme that involves logit estimations. Findings: Only Hispanic men, Native American men and Asian women have conditional wages around average. Black men and, especially, White, Black, Hispanic, Native American and “other race” women have conditional wages clearly below average, whereas those of Asian and White men are well above average. The wage differential between a privileged and a deprived group is disentangled into the premium of the former and the penalty of the latter, which brings a new perspective to what has been done in the literature based on pairwise comparisons. In this intersectional framework, the authors document that gender penalizes more than race. Originality/value: This paper examines intergroup earnings differentials using a methodology that allows to examine 12 gender–race/ethnicity groups jointly, which is this work's distinctive feature. The authors' intersectional framework allows to picture the effect of gender and race/ethnicity more broadly than what the literature has shown thus far.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-104619RB-C41Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113440GB-100Accepted versio

Disentangling occupational sorting from within-occupation disparities: earnings differences among 12 gender-race/ethnicity groups in the U.S.

This paper quantifies the role that occupations play in explaining wage differences among 12 gender–race/ethnicity groups without including occupations as control variables in wage equations. Our approach, based on a counterfactual analysis that involves a re-weighting scheme, has three advantages. First, it allows enlarging the small list of occupations usually employed in the literature. Second, it directly addresses the fact that occupational sorting is not a gender- and race-blind mechanism. Third, it allows for the comparison of all the groups simultaneously after controlling for characteristics. Our analysis shows that, after controlling for characteristics other than gender and race/ethnicity, occupational segregation accounts for around 40–50% of the earnings losses of White, Hispanic, Native American, and “other race” women (relative to the economy’s average wage) and it reaches 63% in the case of Black women. Black men’s occupational sorting also harms them after controlling for attributes, a finding that we do not see in any other male group. On the contrary, around half of the earnings advantages of White and Asian men arises from their occupational sorting. Additionally, this paper develops a decomposition that allows identifying the occupations that bring losses/gains to each group beyond what is expected based on its characteristics, which is also a novelty in respect to what has been done in the literature.Universidade de Vigo/CISUGAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-104619RB-C41Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113440GB-10

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Occupational segregation by sexual orientation in the U.S.: exploring its economic effects on same-sex couples

This paper examines the importance of the occupational sorting of individuals in same-sex couples in explaining the economic position of lesbian women and gay men beyond controlling for occupation in the estimation of their respective wage gaps, as usually done in the literature. The analysis reveals that the distribution of partnered gay men across occupations brings them a monetary gain, with respect to the average wage of coupled workers, whereas the occupational sorting of partnered lesbian women only allows them to depart from the large losses that straight partnered women have. The results show that when controlling for educational achievements, immigration profile, racial composition, and age structure, the gain for gay men associated with their occupational sorting shrinks substantially. Moreover, the small gain that lesbian women derive from their distribution across occupations turns into an earning disadvantage when one controls for characteristics. This leaves them with a loss, with respect to the average wage of coupled workers, that is not too different from to the one partnered straight women have. It is their higher educational attainments and, to a lower extent, their lower immigration profile that protects workers in same-sex couples, revealing that gay men do not enjoy the privilege of straight partnered men and that lesbian women are not free from the mark of gender.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. ECO2017-82241-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC 2015/01

On measuring segregation in a multigroup context: standardized versus unstandardized indices

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGThere has been little discussion about the consequences of using standardized, rather than unstandardized, segregation measures when comparing societies with different demographic compositions. This paper explores standardization in a multigroup setting through an analytical framework that offers a clear distinction between the measurement of overall and local segregation, embeds existing indices within this framework, and addresses gaps in previous research. The local approach developed here allows us to focus on the principle of transfers used in the measurement of overall segregation from a new angle and brings analytical support to the interpretation of the components of standardized overall measures as the segregation levels of the groups involved. This approach also helps clarify the debate around the measurement of school segregation since the distinction between local and overall measures, together with standardization, is key to understanding the different proposals that have been used in empirical studies. This research also gives formal support to empirical strategies that compare the distribution of a minority group with that of the remaining population since they can be viewed as standardized local segregation measures satisfying basic properties.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-104619RB-C41Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113440GB-100Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431B2019/3

Accounting for the decline in Spanish household expenditures inequality during the 1980s

In this paper we apply decomposition methods to analyze some of the factors accounting for the decrease in household expenditures inequality in Spain during the 1980s. We adopt a simple one-parameter model in which equivalence scales depend only on household size. Then we propose an inequality decomposition method which minimizes equivalence scales' potential contamination problems. We find that most of the change in overall inequality is due to a reduction in the within-group term in the partition by household size. The bulk of this reduction is accounted for by changes at the lower tail of the distribution in the partitions by the socioeconomic category and educational level of the household head. These two findings are independent of the equivalence scales parameter.Inequality decomposition, inequality trend, equivalence scales

The welfare effects of occupational segregation by gender and race: differences across US Regions

Using tools rooted in welfare economics, this paper explores the social welfare loss that arises from occupational segregation by gender and race in the US at the regional level. After controlling for characteristics, the losses are lower in the Northeast than in the South and West according to a wide range of indicators, including those that take into account the relative size of disadvantaged groups (incidence), the magnitude of their losses (intensity), and the inequality among those groups. The West has the highest (conditional) losses, although the intensity of the phenomenon barely differs from that in the South or Midwest.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad | Ref. ECO2016–76506-C4–2-RAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. ECO2017–82241-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431B 2019/3