Para o estudo da evolução do ensino e da formação em administração educacional em Portugal

Estudos sobre a evolução do ensino de disciplinas, na formação de professores em Portugal, são recentes. O controle burocrático centralizado reteve as dimensões do controle político-administrativo. De certo modo, protegeu a esfera educativa das influências modernizantes, do capitalismo industrial e das lógicas mercantis e gerencialistas. Defendeu a educação do domínio político, da intervenção de movimentos sociais, das propagandas de ideais democráticos e da cidadania. A utilização da designação "Administração educacional" ilustra as dificuldades sentidas, ao longo dos últimos anos, em termos da construção acadêmica de uma área, seja pela falta de tradição, seja pelos antecedentes históricos.In Portugal, studies about the evolution of disciplines teaching in the teachers formation are recent. The centralized bureaucratic control has held back the dimensions of politic administrative control. In a certain way, it has protected the education against the new-fashioned influences, manufacturing capitalism, and mercantile and managerial logics. This centralized bureaucratic control has also profected the education against the politic dominion, the intervention of social movements, the advertising of democratic ideals, and against the citizenship. The use of the term "Educational administration" shows the difficulties met by the searchers along the latest years, since there is no tradiction nor historic antecedence

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

State of the climate in 2013

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved

Suicidio asistido: Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el desempeño profesional en este tema

Introducción: El suicidio asistido se considera una acción en la que un paciente, desea poner fin a su vida debido al dolor y sufrimiento causado por una enfermedad y solicita la ayuda necesaria de los profesionales sanitarios. El derecho a decidir sobre el fin de la propia vida y el impacto atribuido al sufrimiento experimentado, son las principales cuestiones relativas al suicidio asistido. Objetivo: Caracterizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la actuación profesional ante el suicidio asistido. Métodos: La investigación comprendió un análisis descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, basado en la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes de enfermería matriculados en el noveno periodo curricular, durante 2014, en la ciudad de Recife-PE, Brasil. La muestra estuvo constituida por 19 estudiantes. Los datos fueron analizados y categorizados con el método de Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados y Discusión: Los datos obtenidos sugieren que los estudiantes consideran el suicidio asistido como una forma de preservar la dignidad ante procedimientos que harán de la muerte un proceso inevitablemente doloroso. Indican que la eutanasia y el suicidio asistido deben seguir siendo ilegales y no participarían profesionalmente. Otros afirmaron que participarían porque estarían satisfaciendo los deseos del paciente; sin embargo, para su legalización es necesario la creación de principios que guíen la ejecución de estos procedimientos. Conclusión: Los estudiantes consideran que el profesional puede eliminar las posibilidades reales de tratamiento y recuperación del paciente al aceptar su solicitud de suicidio. Sin embargo, algunos estudiantes están a favor de este procedimiento argumentando que el paciente es libre de conducir su propia vida

Mycobiota and occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in wheat harvested in Southern Brazil

Although fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin poorly studied in wheat, the Fusarium genus fungi have been frequently detected in this cereal, especially in subtropical regions such as southern Brazil, thus studies on their occurrence are required. This study evaluated the mycobiota, water activity and the presence of FB1 in 11 wheat cultivars grown in the northeastern and northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul. The mycobiota was identified by morphological and molecular techniques and FB1 was determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Microbial counts lower than 103CFU were found in the samples, and the fungi genera Phoma, Cladosporium and Fusarium were the most frequent. Despite this, 54% of the samples were contaminated with FB1 at levels ranging from 958 to 4,906µg FB1 kg-1

Quantization of the interior Schwarzschild black hole

We study a Hamiltonian quantum formalism of a spherically symmetric space-time which can be identified with the interior of a Schwarzschild black hole. The phase space of this model is spanned by two dynamical variables and their conjugate momenta. It is shown that the classical Lagrangian of the model gives rise the interior metric of a Schwarzschild black hole. We also show that the the mass of such a system is a Dirac observable and then by quantization of the model by Wheeler-DeWitt approach and constructing suitable wave packets we get the mass spectrum of the black hole.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, revised versio

Extent and Causes of Chesapeake Bay Warming

Coastal environments such as the Chesapeake Bay have long been impacted by eutrophication stressors resulting from human activities, and these impacts are now being compounded by global warming trends. However, there are few studies documenting long-term estuarine temperature change and the relative contributions of rivers, the atmosphere, and the ocean. In this study, Chesapeake Bay warming, since 1985, is quantified using a combination of cruise observations and model outputs, and the relative contributions to that warming are estimated via numerical sensitivity experiments with a watershed–estuarine modeling system. Throughout the Bay’s main stem, similar warming rates are found at the surface and bottom between the late 1980s and late 2010s (0.02 +/- 0.02C/year, mean +/- 1 standard error), with elevated summer rates (0.04 +/- 0.01C/year) and lower rates of winter warming (0.01 +/- 0.01C/year). Most (~85%) of this estuarine warming is driven by atmospheric effects. The secondary influence of ocean warming increases with proximity to the Bay mouth, where it accounts for more than half of summer warming in bottom waters. Sea level rise has slightly reduced summer warming, and the influence of riverine warming has been limited to the heads of tidal tributaries. Future rates of warming in Chesapeake Bay will depend not only on global atmospheric trends, but also on regional circulation patterns in mid-Atlantic waters, which are currently warming faster than the atmosphere. Supporting model data available at: https://doi.org/10.25773/c774-a36

Oviposição do curuquerê e alimentação de suas lagartas neonatas em algodoeiros tratados com caulim

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade do caulim de afetar a oviposição e a alimentação de Alabama argillacea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em algodoeiro. Determinou-se a preferência de oviposição, a viabilidade de ovos e o consumo das lagartas de primeiro instar de A. argillacea, em folhas de algodão tratadas ou não com caulim. A preferência de oviposição foi determinada por teste de escolha e confinamento, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x7, representado pelos tratamentos com caulim em água destilada (60 g L-1) ou somente água destilada (testemunha), e pela avaliação de sete estruturas vegetais da planta. O consumo pelas lagartas de primeiro instar foi determinado em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x4, representado pelo tratamento com caulim em água destilada, pela testemunha e pelos quatro períodos de observação (6, 12, 24 e 48 horas). A oviposição das mariposas do curuquerê-do-algodoeiro foi reduzida nas plantas de algodão tratadas com caulim; no entanto, a viabilidade dos ovos não foi afetada. A folha da haste foi a estrutura preferida para oviposição. A sobrevivência e o consumo de lagartas de primeiro instar do curuquerê são menores nas plantas de algodão tratadas com caulim