Temperature dependence of plankton community metabolism in the subtropical and tropical oceans

Here we assess the temperature dependence of the metabolic rates (gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and the ratio GPP/CR) of oceanic plankton communities. We compile data from 133 stations of the Malaspina 2010 Expedition, distributed among the subtropical and tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. We used the in vitro technique to measured metabolic rates during 24 h incubations at three different sampled depths: surface, 20%, and 1% of the photosynthetically active radiation measured at surface. We also measured the % of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) penetrating at surface waters. GPP and CR rates increased with warming, albeit different responses were observed for each sampled depth. The overall GPP/CR ratio declined with warming. Higher activation energies (Ea) were derived for both processes (GPPChla = 0.97; CRChla = 1.26; CRHPA = 0.95 eV) compared to those previously reported. The Indian Ocean showed the highest Ea (GPPChla = 1.70; CRChla = 1.48; CRHPA = 0.57 eV), while the Atlantic Ocean showed the lowest (GPPChla = 0.86; CRChla = 0.77; CRHPA = 0.13 eV). We believe that the difference between previous assessments and the ones presented here can be explained by the overrepresentation of Atlantic communities in the previous data sets. We found that UVB radiation also affects the temperature dependence of surface GPP, which decreased rather than increased under high levels of UVB. Ocean warming, which causes stratification and oligotrophication of the subtropical and tropical oceans, may lead to reduced surface GPP as a result of increased penetration of UVB radiation.En prens

Noise analysis and intervention in speech school environment: regular private and public schools

Purpose : the aim of this study is to measure noise levels during the school year in two classrooms in a grade of elementary school, a private schools one and a public school another, in both case frequented by deaf students cochlear implant users, to analyze whether noise levels are consistent with the standard Brazilian NBR 10152 of ABNT (1990) and school staff to discuss strategies to minimize the impact of noise on learning of deaf students.Methods : we performed eight measurements of noise level, using a dosimeter, model 1444, in each classroom, in a private and public schools. At the same time the measurements were conducted with monthly meetings with teachers from both schools.Results : we found that levels of noise present in the public ranged from 74.3 to 79 dB (A) and in the private noise levels ranged between 76.1 and 80.9 dB (A). In each of these schools were made 8 meetings.Conclusion : after observations we found high levels of noise in the school environment, and there were no statistical differences between both networks. Referring to monthly meetings it was clear that educators have adopted strategies to help communication within the school environment. It´s clearly the need to acquire technological resource accessibility for deaf students who use oral communication, the system of modulated frequency.Purpose: the aim of this study is to measure noise levels during the school year in two classrooms in a grade of elementary school, a private schools one and a public school another, in both case frequented by deaf students cochlear implant users, to analyze whether noise levels are consistent with the standard Brazilian NBR 10152 of ABNT (1990) and school staff to discuss strategies to minimize the impact of noise on learning of deaf students. Methods: we performed eight measurements of noise level, using a dosimeter, model 1444, in each classroom, in a private and public schools. At the same time the measurements were conducted with monthly meetings with teachers from both schools. Results: we found that levels of noise present in the public ranged from 74.3 to 79 dB (A) and in the private noise levels ranged between 76.1 and 80.9 dB (A). In each of these schools were made 8 meetings. Conclusion: after observations we found high levels of noise in the school environment, and there were no statistical differences between both networks. Referring to monthly meetings it was clear that educators have adopted strategies to help communication within the school environment. It´s clearly the need to acquire technological resource accessibility for deaf students who use oral communication, the system of modulated frequency

Ultraviolet radiation enhances Arctic net plankton community production

In this study we report the response of net community production (NCP) of plankton communities in the Arctic surface waters exposure to natural ultraviolet radiation (UVR) conditions. A possible bias in previous measurements performed using borosilicate glass bottles (opaque to most UVR) can underestimate NCP. Here we show that 77% of the sampled communities suffer, on average, 38.5% of net increase in NCP when exposed to natural UV-B condition, relative to values when UV-B radiation is excluded. UV-B tends to shift communities toward autotrophy, with the most autotrophic communities responding the strongest. This is likely explained by the inhibition of bacterial respiration during the continuous day period of the Arctic summer, corroborated by experiments where bacterial production influenced by UV-B directly affect NCP. Whereas Arctic warming is expected to lead to lower NCP, our results show that increased UV-B radiation may partially compensate this negative effect in surface waters. ©2014. American Geophysical Union.This research is a contribution to projects ARCTICMET and ATOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2011-15792-E and POL2006-00550/CTM, respectively), the ATP project funded by the FP-7 of the EU (CTM2009-07781-E) and the CarbonRidge project funded by the Norwegian Research Council. L.S.G.-C. was funded by a JAE-Predoc Malaspina fellowship (CSIC-FBBVA, Spain)Peer Reviewe