The Cancer Genome Atlas Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma(RCC) is not a single disease, but several histologically defined cancers with different genetic drivers, clinical courses, and therapeutic responses. The current study evaluated 843 RCC from the three major histologic subtypes, including 488 clear cell RCC, 274 papillary RCC, and 81 chromophobe RCC. Comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analysis of the RCC subtypes reveals distinctive features of each subtype that provide the foundation for the development of subtype-specific therapeutic and management strategies for patients affected with these cancers. Somatic alteration of BAP1, PBRM1, and PTEN and altered metabolic pathways correlated with subtype-specific decreased survival, while CDKN2A alteration, increased DNA hypermethylation, and increases in the immune-related Th2 gene expression signature correlated with decreased survival within all major histologic subtypes. CIMP-RCC demonstrated an increased immune signature, and a uniform and distinct metabolic expression pattern identified a subset of metabolically divergent (MD) ChRCC that associated with extremely poor survival

A dynamic column breakthrough apparatus for adsorption capacity measurements with quantitative uncertainties

A dynamic column breakthrough (DCB) apparatus was used to study the separation of CH4+N-2 gas mixtures using two zeolites, H+-mordenite and 13X, at temperatures of (229.2 and 301.9) K and pressures to 792.9 kPa. The apparatus is not limited to the study of dilute adsorbates within inert carrier gases because the instrumentation allows the effluent flow rate to be measured accurately: a method for correcting apparent effluent mass flow readings for large changes in effluent composition is described. The mathematical framework used to determine equilibrium adsorption capacities from the dynamic adsorption experiments is presented and includes a method for estimating quantitatively the uncertainties of the measured capacities. Dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted with pure CH4, pure N-2 and equimolar CH4+N-2 mixtures, and the results were compared with similar static adsorption experiments reported in the literature. The 13X zeolite had the greater adsorption capacity for both CH4 and N-2. At 792 kPa the equilibrium capacities of the 13X zeolite increased from 2.13 +/- 0.14 mmol g(-1) for CH4 and 1.36 +/- 0.10 mmol g(-1) for N-2 at 301.9 K to 3.97 +/- 0.19 mmol g(-1) for CH4 and 3.33 +/- 0.12 mmol g(-1) for N-2 at 229.2 K. Both zeolites preferentially adsorbed CH4; however, the mordenite had a greater equilibrium selectivity of 3.5 +/- 0.4 at 301.9 K. Equilibrium selectivities inferred from pure fluid capacities using the Ideal Adsorbed Solution theory were limited by the accuracy of the literature pure fluid Toth models. Equilibrium capacities with quantitative uncertainties derived directly from DCB measurements without reference to a dynamic model should help increase the accuracy of mass transfer parameters extracted by the regression of such models to time dependent data