157 research outputs found
Pannexin 1 regulates postnatal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pannexin 1 forms ion and metabolite permeable hexameric channels and is abundantly expressed in the brain. After discovering pannexin 1 expression in postnatal neural stem and progenitor cells we sought to elucidate its functional role in neuronal development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We detected pannexin 1 in neural stem and progenitor cells <it>in vitro</it> and <it>in vivo</it>. We manipulated pannexin 1 expression and activity in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells and primary postnatal neurosphere cultures to demonstrate that pannexin 1 regulates neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation likely through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Permeable to ATP, a potent autocrine/paracine signaling metabolite, pannexin 1 channels are ideally suited to influence the behavior of neural stem and progenitor cells. Here we demonstrate they play a robust role in the regulation of neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Endogenous postnatal neural stem and progenitor cells are crucial for normal brain health, and their numbers decline with age. Furthermore, these special cells are highly responsive to neurological injury and disease, and are gaining attention as putative targets for brain repair. Therefore, understanding the fundamental role of pannexin 1 channels in neural stem and progenitor cells is of critical importance for brain health and disease.</p
Mapping the X-Ray Emission Region in a Laser-Plasma Accelerator
The x-ray emission in laser-plasma accelerators can be a powerful tool to
understand the physics of relativistic laser-plasma interaction. It is shown
here that the mapping of betatron x-ray radiation can be obtained from the
x-ray beam profile when an aperture mask is positioned just beyond the end of
the emission region. The influence of the plasma density on the position and
the longitudinal profile of the x-ray emission is investigated and compared to
particle-in-cell simulations. The measurement of the x-ray emission position
and length provides insight on the dynamics of the interaction, including the
electron self-injection region, possible multiple injection, and the role of
the electron beam driven wakefield.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
The development of ferromagnetism in the doped topological insulator Bi2-xMnxTe3
The development of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Bi2Te3 is characterized through
measurements on a series of single crystals with different Mn content. Scanning
tunneling microscopy analysis shows that the Mn substitutes on the Bi sites,
forming compounds of the type Bi2-xMnxTe3, and that the Mn substitutions are
randomly distributed, not clustered. Mn doping first gives rise to local
magnetic moments with Curie-like behavior, but by the compositions
Bi1.96Mn0.04Te3 and Bi1.91Mn0.09Te3 a second order ferromagnetic transition is
observed, with Tc ~ 9-12 K. The easy axis of magnetization in the ferromagnetic
phase is perpendicular to the Bi2Te3 basal plane. Thermoelectric power and Hall
effect measurements show that the Mn-doped Bi2Te3 crystals are p-type. Angle
resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements show that the topological
surface states that are present in pristine Bi2Te3 are also present in
ferromagnetic Mn-doped Bi2-xMnxTe3, and that the dispersion relations of the
surface states are changed in a subtle fashion
Thermoelectric transport in superlattices
The thermoelectric transport properties of
superlattices are analyzed on
the basis of first-principles calculations and semi-classical Boltzmann theory.
The anisotropy of the thermoelectric transport under electron and hole-doping
was studied in detail for different superlattice periods at changing
temperature and charge carrier concentrations. A clear preference for
thermoelectric transport under hole-doping, as well as for the in-plane
transport direction was found for all superlattice periods. At hole-doping the
electrical transport anisotropies remain bulk-like for all investigated
systems, while under electron-doping quantum confinement leads to strong
suppression of the cross-plane thermoelectric transport at several superlattice
periods. In addition, insights on the Lorenz function, the electronic
contribution to the thermal conductivity and the resulting figure of merit are
given
An integrative review of the factors influencing older nursesâ timing of retirement
Aims:
To summarise the international empirical literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of older nursesâ decision making surrounding the timing of their retirement.
Background:
The global nursing shortage is increasing. Amongst some countries it has become an economic imperative to consider raising the state pension age and to extend working lives.
Design:
An integrative literature review using an integrated design.
Data sources:
MEDLINE, CINAHL and Business Source Premier databases were searched for studies between January 2007 â October 2019.
Review Methods:
Quality appraisal of the studies were conducted. Findings were summarised, grouped into categories and themes extracted. Two models were developed for data representation.
Results:
132 studies were identified by the search strategy. Of these, 27 articles were included for appraisal and synthesis. 16 papers were quantitative, seven qualitative and four mixed methods. The research took place in 13 different geographical locations. Most studies were of a questionnaire design, followed by interviews and focus groups. The total participant sample was 35,460. Through a synthesis of the studies, four themes were identified: Health, Wellâbeing and Family factors; Employer factors; Professional factors; Financial factors.
Conclusion:
This review revealed the heterogeneity of studies on this subject and confirmed previous findings but also established a ranking of criteria that influences nursesâ decision making: age, followed by personal and organisational factors. Four extracted themes of push and pull factors map onto these factors. No âoneâsizeâfitsâallâ strategy exists to ensure the extension of older nursesâ working lives. Organisations need to foster an environment where older nurses feel respected and heard and where personal and professional needs are addressed
Physician supply forecast: better than peering in a crystal ball?
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anticipating physician supply to tackle future health challenges is a crucial but complex task for policy planners. A number of forecasting tools are available, but the methods, advantages and shortcomings of such tools are not straightforward and not always well appraised. Therefore this paper had two objectives: to present a typology of existing forecasting approaches and to analyse the methodology-related issues.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A literature review was carried out in electronic databases Medline-Ovid, Embase and ERIC. Concrete examples of planning experiences in various countries were analysed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four main forecasting approaches were identified. The supply projection approach defines the necessary inflow to maintain or to reach in the future an arbitrary predefined level of service offer. The demand-based approach estimates the quantity of health care services used by the population in the future to project physician requirements. The needs-based approach involves defining and predicting health care deficits so that they can be addressed by an adequate workforce. Benchmarking health systems with similar populations and health profiles is the last approach. These different methods can be combined to perform a gap analysis. The methodological challenges of such projections are numerous: most often static models are used and their uncertainty is not assessed; valid and comprehensive data to feed into the models are often lacking; and a rapidly evolving environment affects the likelihood of projection scenarios. As a result, the internal and external validity of the projections included in our review appeared limited.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There is no single accepted approach to forecasting physician requirements. The value of projections lies in their utility in identifying the current and emerging trends to which policy-makers need to respond. A genuine gap analysis, an effective monitoring of key parameters and comprehensive workforce planning are key elements to improving the usefulness of physician supply projections.</p
Structural, Vibrational, and Electronic Study of 뱉As2Te3 under Compression
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher.
To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06049We report a study of the structural, vibrational, and electronic
properties of layered monoclinic arsenic telluride (α-As2Te3) at high
pressures. Powder X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements up
to 17 GPa have been complemented with ab initio total-energy, lattice
dynamics, and electronic band structure calculations. Our measurements,
which include previously unreported Raman scattering measurements for
crystalline α-As2Te3, show that this compound undergoes a reversible phase
transition above 14 GPa at room temperature. The monoclinic crystalline
structure of α-As2Te3 and its behavior under compression are analyzed by
means of the compressibility tensor. Major structural and vibrational changes
are observed in the range between 2 and 4 GPa and can be ascribed to the
strengthening of interlayer bonds. No evidence of any isostructural phase
transition has been observed in α-As2Te3. A comparison with other group 15
sesquichalcogenides allows understanding the structure of α-As2Te3 and its
behavior under compression based on the activity of the cation lone electron pair in these compounds. Finally, our electronic
band structure calculations show that α-As2Te3 is a semiconductor at 1 atm, which undergoes a trivial semiconductingâmetal
transition above 4 GPa. The absence of a pressure-induced electronic topological transition in α-As2Te3 is discussed.This work has been performed under financial support from Projects MAT2013-46649-C4-2-P, MAT2013-46649-C4-3-P, MAT2015-71070-REDC, FIS2013-48286-C2-1-P, and FIS2013-48286-C2-2-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), and the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Basque Government and UPV/EHU (Grant No. IT756-13). This publication is also fruit of "Programa de Valoracion y Recursos Conjuntos de I+D+i VLC/CAMPUS" and has been financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte as part of "Programa Campus de Excelencia Internacional" through Projects SP20140701 and SP20140871. Finally, authors thank ALBA Light Source for beam allocation at beamline MSPD.Cuenca Gotor, VP.; Sans-Tresserras, JĂ.; Ibåñez, J.; Popescu, C.; Gomis, O.; Vilaplana Cerda, RI.; ManjĂłn Herrera, FJ.... (2016). Structural, Vibrational, and Electronic Study of αâAs2Te3 under Compression. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 120(34):19340-19352. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06049S19340193521203
Pride and confidence at work: potential predictors of occupational health in a hospital setting
BACKGROUND: This study focuses on determinants of a healthy work environment in two departments in a Swedish university hospital. The study is based on previously conducted longitudinal studies at the hospital (1994â2001), concerning working conditions and health outcomes among health care personnel in conjunction with downsizing processes. Overall, there was a general negative trend in relation to mental health, as well as long-term sick leave during the study period. The two departments chosen for the current study differed from the general hospital trend in that they showed stable health development. The aim of the study was to identify and analyse experiential determinants of healthy working conditions. METHODS: Thematic open-ended interviews were carried out with seventeen managers and key informants, representing different groups of co-workers in the two departments. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and an inductive content analysis was made. RESULTS: In the two studied departments the respondents perceived that it was advantageous to belong to a small department, and to work in cooperation-oriented care. The management approaches described by both managers and co-workers could be interpreted as transformational, due to a strain of visionary, delegating, motivating, confirmative, supportive attitudes and a strongly expressed solution-oriented attitude. The daily work included integrated learning activities. The existing organisational conditions, approaches and attitudes promoted tendencies towards a work climate characterised by trust, team spirit and professionalism. In the description of the themes organisational conditions, approaches and climate, two core determinants, work-pride and confidence, for healthy working conditions were interpreted. Our core determinants augment the well-established concepts: manageability, comprehensiveness and meaningfulness. These favourable conditions seem to function as a buffer against the general negative effects of downsizing observed elsewhere in the hospital, and in the literature. CONCLUSION: Research illuminating health-promoting aspects is rather unusual. This study could be seen as explorative. The themes and core dimensions we found could be used as a basis for further intervention studies in similar health-care settings. The result could also be used in future health promotion studies in larger populations. One of the first steps in such a strategy is to formulate relevant questions, and we consider that this study contributes to this
Organizational configuration of hospitals succeeding in attracting and retaining nurses
Organizational configuration of hospitals succeeding in attracting and retaining nurses. This paper contrasts structural and managerial characteristics of low- and
high-turnover hospitals, and describes the organizational configuration of attractive
hospitals. In countries facing nurse shortages and turnover, some hospitals
succeed in recruiting and retaining nurses. In Magnet Hospitals, managerial practices
and environmental characteristics increase nurses\u2019 job satisfaction and their
commitment to the organization, which in turn decreases nurse turnover. Such an
approach suggests that organizations are best understood as clusters of interconnected
structures and practices, i.e. organizational configurations rather than entities whose components can be understood in isolation.
From a sample of 12 hospitals whose nurse turnover was studied for 1 year,
structural and organizational features of hospitals in the first and fourth quartiles, i.e. attractive (turnover11\uc68%) were contrasted. A questionnaire, including perceptions of health-related factors, job demands, stressors, work schedules, organizational climate, and work adjustments antecedent to turnover, was received from 401 nurses working in attractive hospitals (response rate - 53\uc68%) and 774 nurses in conventional hospitals (response rate \ubc 54\uc65%).
Structural characteristics did not differentiate attractive and conventional
hospitals, but employee perceptions towards the organization differed strikingly.
Differences were observed for risk exposure, emotional demands, role ambiguity and
conflicts, work-family conflicts, effort-reward imbalance and the meaning of work, all
in favour of attractive hospitals (P < 0.01). Relationships with nursing management,
work ability and satisfaction with working time, handover shifts and schedules
were also better in attractive hospitals (P < 0.001). Job satisfaction and commitment
were higher in attractive hospitals, whereas burnout and intention to leave were lower
(P < 0.001).
Organizational characteristics are key factors in nurse attraction
and retention. Nurses face difficulties in their work situations, but some hospitals are
perceived as healthy organizations. The concept of attractive institutions could serve as a catalyst for improvement in nurses\u2019 work environments in Europe
Challenges in physician supply planning: the case of Belgium
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Planning human resources for health (HRH) is a complex process for policy-makers and, as a result, many countries worldwide swing from surplus to shortage. In-depth case studies can help appraising the challenges encountered and the solutions implemented. This paper has two objectives: to identify the key challenges in HRH planning in Belgium and to formulate recommendations for an effective HRH planning, on the basis of the Belgian case study and lessons drawn from an international benchmarking.</p> <p>Case description</p> <p>In Belgium, a numerus clausus set up in 1997 and effective in 2004, aims to limit the total number of physicians working in the curative sector. The assumption of a positive relationship between physician densities and health care utilization was a major argument in favor of medical supply restrictions. This new regulation did not improve recurrent challenges such as specialty imbalances, with uncovered needs particularly among general practitioners, and geographical maldistribution. New difficulties also emerged. In particular, limiting national training of HRH turned out to be ineffective within the open European workforce market. The lack of integration of policies affecting HRH was noteworthy. We described in the paper what strategies were developed to address those challenges in Belgium and in neighboring countries.</p> <p>Discussion and evaluation</p> <p>Planning the medical workforce involves determining the numbers, mix, and distribution of health providers that will be required at some identified future point in time. To succeed in their task, health policy planners have to take a broader perspective on the healthcare system. Focusing on numbers is too restrictive and adopting innovative policies learned from benchmarking without integration and coordination is unfruitful. Evolving towards a strategic planning is essential to control the effects of the complex factors impacting on human resources. This evolution requires an effective monitoring of all key factors affecting supply and demand, a dynamic approach, and a system-level perspective, considering all healthcare professionals, and integrating manpower planning with workforce development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>To engage in an evidence-based action, policy-makers need a global manpower picture, from their own country and abroad, as well as reliable and comparable manpower databases allowing proper analysis and planning of the workforce.</p
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