Émotions animales : un malentendu ? (XIIe-XVIIIe siècle)

International audienc

Les natures du productivisme. Une histoire environnementale de la France, de 1940 à nos jours (vol. 3)

National audienceLe régime de Vichy n'était-il pas aussi productiviste dans ses logiques d'intervention que traditionaliste dans ses discours ? La France aurait-elle pu se moderniser sans les ressources des empires coloniaux et ses échanges inégaux avec le reste du monde ? Qui étaient les actrices et acteurs des premières contestations de la " Grande Accélération " productiviste, bien avant 1968 ? Comment l'environnement, puis le développement durable et la transition écologique ont-ils été construits comme objets d'action publique ? avec quels effets réels sur les conditions de vie en France et sur l'état de la planète ? Quels verrous institutionnels, économiques ou culturels ont retardé ou empêché l'écologisation de la société française ? Quand et comment les pensées et luttes écologistes ont-elles rencontré (ou non) les questions sociales, les enjeux de genre et les combats anticoloniaux ?À ces questions, et à bien d'autres encore, ce livre apporte des réponses éclairantes. Renouvelant notre compréhension des dernières décennies, il transforme et enrichit de son " regard environnemental " les récits classiques de l'histoire contemporaine française, pour mieux envisager l'avenir

Massacri di carattere «etnico» e danni all'integrità fisica nelle guerre romane (seconda guerra punica – fine del I secolo d.C.)

International audienceDer Artikel regt zum Nachdenken über die Formen der Identität an, die für die Römer im Zusammenhang mit Kriegsgewalt von Bedeutung sein konnten. Das „nomen“, das von den Feldherren bisweilen als Ziel bezeichnet wurde, das durch Massaker an der Bevölkerung vernichtet werden sollte, darf jedoch nicht mit einer ethnischen Zielausrichtung im modernen Sinne gleichgesetzt werden, sondern ist vielmehr als eine gängige Herangehensweise an Völker im ethnografischen und philosophischen Kontext zu verstehen. Verletzungen der körperlichen Unversehrtheit erschienen den Alten hingegen als schwerwiegenderer Verstoß, da sie, da sie absichtlich grausam waren, den Verdacht der Unmenschlichkeit ihrer Täter in sich trugen.This paper explores the forms of identity that might have been relevant to the Romans in relation to the violence of war. The nomen, sometimes referred to by generals as an objective to be destroyed through the massacre of populations, should not however be associated with ethnic targeting in the modern sense, but rather with an ordinary approach to peoples within an ethnographic and philosophical framework. Attacks on bodily integrity, on the other hand, appeared more transgressive in the eyes of the Ancients, because, being intentionally cruel, they carried with them the suspicion of the inhumanity of those who performed them.OpenEdition : https://books.openedition.org/pur/306941El artículo propone una reflexión sobre las formas de identidad que podían resultar relevantes a ojos de los romanos en relación con la violencia de la guerra. El nomen, a veces señalado por los generales como un objetivo que debía destruirse mediante masacres de la población, no debe asociarse, sin embargo, a una persecución étnica en el sentido moderno, sino más bien a un enfoque habitual de los pueblos en un marco etnográfico y filosófico. Las agresiones a la integridad física, por el contrario, parecían más transgresoras a los ojos de los antiguos, ya que, al ser intencionadamente crueles, encierran en sí mismas la sospecha de la inhumanidad de quienes las cometen.L’article propose une réflexion sur les formes d’identité qui pouvaient être pertinentes aux yeux des Romains en relation avec les violences de guerre. Le nomen, parfois désigné par les généraux comme un objectif à détruire par le biais des massacres de population, ne doit pourtant pas être associé à un ciblage ethnique au sens moderne, mais plutôt à une approche ordinaire des peuples dans un cadre ethnographique et philosophique. Les atteintes à l’intégrité corporelle, en revanche, apparaissaient plus transgressives aux yeux des Anciens, car, intentionnellement cruelles, elles portent en germe le soupçon de l’inhumanité de ses exécutants.OpenEdition : https://books.openedition.org/pur/306941L’articolo propone una riflessione sulle forme di identità che potevano risultare rilevanti agli occhi dei Romani in relazione alle violenze belliche. Il nomen, talvolta indicato dai generali come obiettivo da distruggere attraverso i massacri della popolazione, non deve tuttavia essere associato a una persecuzione etnica nel senso moderno del termine, ma piuttosto a un approccio comune nei confronti dei popoli in un contesto etnografico e filosofico. Le violazioni dell’integrità fisica, invece, apparivano più trasgressive agli occhi degli antichi, poiché, essendo intenzionalmente crudeli, portavano in sé il sospetto dell’inumanità di chi le compiva

On one dimensional weighted Poincare inequalities for Global Sensitivity Analysis

International audienceOne-dimensional Poincare inequalities are used in Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) to provide derivative-based upper bounds and approximations of Sobol indices. We add new perspectives by investigating weighted Poincare inequalities. Our contributions are twofold. In a first part, we provide new theoretical results for weighted Poincare inequalities, guided by GSA needs. We revisit the construction of weights from monotonic functions, providing a new proof from a spectral point of view. In this approach, given a monotonic function g, the weight is built such that g is the first non-trivial eigenfunction of a convenient diffusion operator. This allows us to reconsider the linear standard, i.e. the weight associated to a linear g. In particular, we construct weights that guarantee the existence of an orthonormal basis of eigenfunctions, leading to approximation of Sobol indices with Parseval formulas. In a second part, we develop specific methods for GSA. We study the equality case of the upper bound of a total Sobol index, and link the sharpness of the inequality to the proximity of the main effect to the eigenfunction. This leads us to theoretically investigate the construction of data-driven weights from estimators of the main effects when they are monotonic, another extension of the linear standard. Finally, we illustrate the benefits of using weights on a GSA study of two toy models and a real flooding application, involving the Poincare constant and/or the whole eigenbasis

Fusionner les communes, mais pour quoi ?À l'approche des élections municipales, un nécessaire point d'étape sur les communes nouvelles

Ce texte propose un point d'étape sur plusieurs idées reçues concernant les communes nouvelles, une dizaine d'année après les premières vagues de fusion

Oil Extraction and Price Dynamics

National audienceWe use the dynamic production function identities and an empirical model of oil prices based only on oil extraction data to analyze the dynamics of oil prices as we transition into the contraction phase of oil extraction. We explore the implications with respect to several common scenarios

Why does poverty increase time discounting? A mathematical model

People in situations of poverty tend to heavily discount the future. Despite repeated and robust evidence, the theoretical literature lacks satisfying models to explain why. Although urgent needs are often invoked to explain impatience, this intuition can be misleading: in persistent poverty, one may need resources tomorrow as much as today. We show that previous models assume that poverty is temporary and improvement is expected, and predict discounting only under this condition. To address this gap, we propose a two-period model in which basic needs are captured by a 'desperation threshold' -- a critical resource level above which agents aim to stay. In four stylized scenarios, we show analytically that agents discount the future near the threshold and are patient at intermediate resource levels. In line with the empirical record, time discounting increases on both sides of the threshold, while risk taking is polarized -- higher below the threshold, lower above. Unlike existing accounts, our explanation does not rely on assuming a future improvement in financial situation. Rather, it predicts a U-shaped effect of future expectations, with greater time discounting if the future will be either much better or much worse than the present. This can reconcile economic theory with ethnographic findings about deprived populations. Our findings suggest that addressing material scarcity directly, rather than attempting to alter future orientation, may be the most effective way to reduce impulsivity and align behavior with true preferences

Contracts in the reform of the EU electricity market

CEPR POLICY INSIGHT No. 139National audienceThis Policy Insight discusses the challenges facing the organisation of the electricity market through the lens of the EU’s market reform. Two goals that the electricity market should consider are discussed: first, ensuring the optimal dispatching of existing electricity generation at the lowest cost, and second, fostering efficient and reliable investment in new generation to reach the EU’s decarbonisation targets. The authors then investigate the challenges associated with developing long-term contracts for electricity generation

Welfare vs. Utility

Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2025.03RRR - ISSN : 1955-611X , eISSN : 2968-6687Economists routinely measure individual welfare by (von-Neumann-Morgenstern) utility, for instance when analysing welfare intensity, social welfare, or welfare inequality. Is this welfare measure justified? Natural working hypotheses turn out to imply a different measure. It overcomes familiar problems of utility, by faithfully capturing non-ordinal information, such as welfare intensity despite still resting on purely ordinal evidence, such as revealed preferences or self-reported welfare comparisons. Social welfare analysis changes when based on this new individual welfare measure rather than utility. For instance, Harsanyi's 'utilitarian theorem' now supports prioritarianism. We compare the standard utility-based versions of utilitarianism and prioritarianism with new versions based on our welfare measure. We show that utility is a hybrid object determined by two rival inuences: welfare and the attitude to intrinsic risk, i.e., to risk in welfare. A new version of Harsanyi's theorem shows that Harsanyi makes the questionable implicit assumption that society is neutral to intrinsic risk, overruling people's risk attitudes. We thus propose risk-impartial utilitarianism, which adopts people's (average) risk attitude

Segmentation and morphometry of intracranial internal carotid artery calcification in relation to brain atrophy

National audiencePurposeIntracranial internal carotid artery calcification (iICAC) is a form of intracranial arteriosclerosis and is associated with an elevated risk of stroke and dementia. However, iICAC’s relationship with brain atrophy remains poorly understood. We aimed to automatically quantify iICAC morphometric characteristics and evaluate their associations with regional brain volumes (BVs).MethodsWe developed an automated approach to compute iICAC surface area and thickness from CT brain scans in a sample of physically active South American subsistence farmers (n = 1,232, age range: 40 years to 92 years, 48.1% female, 794 Tsimane and 438 Moseten). Linear regression models were used to assess associations between two iICAC features and regional BVs, adjusted for age, sex, population, and total intracranial volume.ResultsSignificant negative relationships were found between regional BVs and iICAC surface area, but not iICAC thick-ness. Frontal, parietal, temporal, and subcortical BVs exhibited significant negative associations with iICAC surface area (standardized β range: -0.146 to -0.066, p ≤ 0.013), while the occipital BV did not (standardized βlef t = -0.035, p = 0.249; βright = 0.007, p = 0.810). Subcortical BVs demonstrated the strongest negative associations with iICAC surface area (standardized βlef t = -0.146, p < 0.001; βright = -0.139, p < 0.001).ConclusioniICAC surface area—assumed to reflect arterial stiffness—shows a stronger relationship with regional BV loss than iICAC thickness—assumed to indicate arterial stenosis. The findings suggest that brain regions primarily supplied by the anterior circulation are more vulnerable to iICAC-related atrophy. Subcortical BVs showed the strongest negative associations with iICAC surface area, with region-specific analyses identifying significant effects in the putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, pallidum, and ventral diencephalon, suggesting heightened vulnerability of deep gray-matter structures to iICAC-related atrophy