Drug abusers have impaired cerebral oxygenation and cognition during exercise

Sem informaçãoBackground: Individuals with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have lower baseline metabolic activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with impairment of cognitive functions in decisionmaking and inhibitory control. Aerobic exercise has shown to improve PFC function and cognitive performance, however, its effects on SUD individuals remain unclear. Purpose: To verify the cognitive performance and oxygenation of the PFC during an incremental exercise in SUD individuals. Methods: Fourteen individuals under SUD treatment performed a maximum graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with continuous measurements of oxygen consumption, PFC oxygenation, and inhibitory control (Stroop test) every two minutes of exercise at different intensities. Fifteen non-SUD individuals performed the same protocol and were used as control group. Results: Exercise increased oxyhemoglobin (O(2)Hb) and total hemoglobin (tHb) by 9% and 7%, respectively. However, when compared to a non-SUD group, this increase was lower at high intensities (p< 0.001), and the inhibitory cognitive control was lower at rest and during exercise (p< 0.007). In addition, PFC hemodynamics during exercise was inversely correlated with inhibitory cognitive performance (reaction time) (r = -0.62, p = 0.001), and a lower craving perception for the specific abused substance (p = 0.0189) was reported immediately after exercise. Conclusion: Despite SUD individuals having their PFC cerebral oxygenation increased during exercise, they presented lower cognition and oxygenation when compared to controls, especially at elevated intensities. These results may reinforce the role of exercise as an adjuvant treatment to improve PFC function and cognitive control in individuals with SUD.1211115Sem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informaçã

Fat mass predicts food-specific inhibitory control in children

Impaired inhibitory control has been associated with obesity, high blood pressure and lack of physical fitness. These impairments are thought to be related to decreased cognitive control over excessive food consumption and may start in childhood. However, previous studies in children have examined inhibitory control deficits using general (non-food-specific) tasks and relied on body mass index, which does not distinguish the amount of fat mass. As fat mass, hypertension and physical fitness have been shown to play a role in cognition, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between these variables and food specific inhibitory control in children. Subjects/methods: Children's (n = 48; Age 10.7 +/- 0.6 years) general characteristics, fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure and performance on a food-specific inhibitory control task (Go/No-go) were measured across two sessions. Results: Fat mass and sex were associated with inhibitory control performance, while no associations were found for cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure and other potential confounding variables (i.e. age, pubertal timing, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, scholar test performance and heart rate). Linear regression analyses showed that only fat mass predicted poorer food-specific inhibitory control (beta = 0.36; Delta R-2 = 0.04; p < .05) and sex predicted inhibitory control for toys (control condition) (beta = 0.42; Delta R-2 = 0.11; p < .01). Neither blood pressure nor cardiorespiratory fitness predicted food specific inhibitory control. Conclusion: These findings suggest that fat mass is an independent predictor of inhibitory control for food in children204155161COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçã

Introdução ao método científico em educação física através de um estudo experimental em laboratório

A Educação Física é um campo da ciência influenciado por conhecimentos tanto da área biológica quanto da área humana. Em ambas as áreas, o método científico pode ser adotado como caminho para gerar o conhecimento de forma sólida e com uma análise crítica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi apresentar a utilização do método científico através de um estudo experimental em laboratório contribuindo para o crescimento científico na área da Educação Física. O método científico descrito apresenta dois caminhos: vertente analítica, na qual a partir do conhecimento prévio sobre o fenômeno a ser estudado é proposto um modelo e hipóteses de trabalho; e vertente empírica, na qual o modelo é testado para a obtenção dos dados. Os resultados obtidos são confrontados com o modelo proposto para afirmar ou não as hipóteses levantadas. O estudo experimental apresentado enquadra-se na área da ciência básica, no qual o fenômeno foi investigado em modelo animal. O fenômeno estudado é o estresse oxidativo em fígado de ratos suplementados com caldo de cana submetidos a um protocolo de endurance. A análise da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes (Catalase e Glutationa Redutase) e a Peroxidação Lipídica (TBARs) foram os métodos aplicados para verificação. Todos os animais submetidos ao treino aumentaram significativamente o desempenho quando comparado ao grupo controle. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos CT, TQ, TCC, TM. Observamos uma diminuição significativa na atividade da CAT nos grupos treinados e suplementados quando comparado ao grupo controle sedentário. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para a atividade da GR e para as concentrações de TBARs. Embora a hipótese de trabalho não tenha sido confirmada, ficou evidente a contribuição do método científico para o desenvolvimento do estudo permitindo que uma nova informação fosse extraída atingindo o objetivo da ciência de gerar conhecimento bem como perspectivas para futuras investigações.Physical education is a science field influenced by knowledge of both the biological and human area. In both areas, the scientific method can be adopted as a way to build a solid knowledge with a critical analysis. The goal of this study was to present the use of the scientific method through an experimental study in the laboratory contributing to the scientific growth in the area of physical education. The scientific method has described two ways: analytical aspects, in which from previous knowledge about the phenomenon being studied is proposed a model and working hypotheses, and empirical aspects, in which the model is tested to obtain the data. The results are compared with the model proposed to affirm or not the hypotheses. The experimental study presented is classified as basic science, in which the phenomenon was investigated in an animal model. The phenomenon studied was the oxidative stress in liver of rats supplemented with sugar cane juice submitted to an endurance protocol. The methods used for verification were the analysis of antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and glutathione reductase) and lipid peroxidation (TBARs). All animals submitted to training significantly increased performance when compared to control. There were no differences between groups TC, TQ, TCC, TM. We observed a significant decrease in CAT activity in trained and supplemented groups compared to sedentary control group. There were no significant differences between groups for the activity of GR and the concentrations of TBARs. Although the working hypothesis has not been confirmed, it became clear the contribution of the scientific method to the study development enabling that a new information to be extracted and achieving the science goal that is to generate knowledge and perspectives for future investigations

Improving cerebral oxygenation, cognition and autonomic nervous system control of a chronic alcohol abuser through a three-month running program

The abusive use of alcohol has shown to be associated to cerebral damage, impaired cognition, poor autonomic nervous control, impaired cardiovascular health, increased levels of stress and anxiety, depression symptoms and poor quality of life. Aerobic exercise has shown to be an efficient tool to reduce and overcome these issues. In this case report, a patient (forty-four years old, male) under treatment in public psychiatric hospital, classified as having a substance use disorder, underwent a three-month running program. The maximal oxygen consumption increased from 24.2ml/kg/min to 30.1ml/kg/min, running time increased from 6min to 45min (650%) and distance covered from 765m to 8700m (1037.2%). In prefrontal cortex oxygenation, oxyhemoglobin levels improved by 76.1%, deoxyhemoglobin decreased 96.9% and total hemoglobin increased 78.8% during exercise. Reaction time in the cognitive test during rest decreased 23%, and the number of correct answers increased by 266.6%. Parasympathetic cardiac parameters increased in several heart rate variability indices. Thus, we conclude that running exercise performed by an alcoholic patient hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital improves cerebral function, cognition and cardiovascular health. Keywords: Alcohol addiction, Near infrared spectroscopy, Prefrontal cortex, Running exercise, Treatmen

Modulation of cortical and subcortical brain areas at low and high exercise intensities

Introduction The brain plays a key role in the perceptual regulation of exercise, yet neuroimaging techniques have only demonstrated superficial brain areas responses during exercise, and little is known about the modulation of the deeper brain areas at different intensities. Objectives/methods Using a specially designed functional MRI (fMRI) cycling ergometer, we have determined the sequence in which the cortical and subcortical brain regions are modulated at low and high ratings perceived exertion (RPE) during an incremental exercise protocol. Results Additional to the activation of the classical motor control regions (motor, somatosensory, premotor and supplementary motor cortices and cerebellum), we found the activation of the regions associated with autonomic regulation (ie, insular cortex) (ie, positive blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal) during exercise. Also, we showed reduced activation (negative BOLD signal) of cognitive-related areas (prefrontal cortex), an effect that increased during exercise at a higher perceived intensity (RPE 13-17 on Borg Scale). The motor cortex remained active throughout the exercise protocol whereas the cerebellum was activated only at low intensity (RPE 6-12), not at high intensity (RPE 13-17). Conclusions These findings describe the sequence in which different brain areas become activated or deactivated during exercise of increasing intensity, including subcortical areas measured with fMRI analysis542110115FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2011/01466-

Drug abusers have impaired cerebral oxygenation and cognition during exercise

<div><p>Background</p><p>Individuals with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have lower baseline metabolic activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with impairment of cognitive functions in decision-making and inhibitory control. Aerobic exercise has shown to improve PFC function and cognitive performance, however, its effects on SUD individuals remain unclear.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>To verify the cognitive performance and oxygenation of the PFC during an incremental exercise in SUD individuals.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Fourteen individuals under SUD treatment performed a maximum graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with continuous measurements of oxygen consumption, PFC oxygenation, and inhibitory control (Stroop test) every two minutes of exercise at different intensities. Fifteen non-SUD individuals performed the same protocol and were used as control group.</p><p>Results</p><p>Exercise increased oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb) and total hemoglobin (tHb) by 9% and 7%, respectively. However, when compared to a non-SUD group, this increase was lower at high intensities (p<0.001), and the inhibitory cognitive control was lower at rest and during exercise (p<0.007). In addition, PFC hemodynamics during exercise was inversely correlated with inhibitory cognitive performance (reaction time) (r = -0.62, p = 0.001), and a lower craving perception for the specific abused substance (p = 0.0189) was reported immediately after exercise.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Despite SUD individuals having their PFC cerebral oxygenation increased during exercise, they presented lower cognition and oxygenation when compared to controls, especially at elevated intensities. These results may reinforce the role of exercise as an adjuvant treatment to improve PFC function and cognitive control in individuals with SUD.</p></div

Exercise induced results in correlations.

<p>Legend: <b>A</b>: oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb) versus reaction time at RCP; <b>B</b>: total hemoglobin (tHb) versus reaction time at RCP; <b>C</b>: oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb) versus reaction time at VO₂ peak; <b>D</b>: total hemoglobin (tHb) versus reaction time at VO₂ peak.</p

Characteristics of SUD and control groups.

<p>Characteristics of SUD and control groups.</p

Drug preferences of SUD group.

<p>Drug preferences of SUD group.</p