Supervisión de construcción en vivienda de interés social con sistema industrializado tipo manoportable

RESUMEN: Durante la construcción de obras en cualquier proyecto, es natural que se presenten inconvenientes de construcción, tal como, escasez de material, clima desfavorable, ejecución deficiente del mezclado de concreto, prácticas incorrectas en el vaciado de los elementos estructurales, para lo anterior se requieren de profesionales con experiencia y buen análisis, para sobrepasar o sortear los obstáculos que se presenten durante la realización de los trabajos, además la organización y el seguimiento del cronograma ayudará a reducir las dificultades que surjan durante la obra. La edificación de las torres Villa Romera campestre al igual que en otras construcciones presentaron diversos inconvenientes que según su complejidad y la experiencia del ingeniero residente se pudieron resolver algunos de inmediato y otros con mayor tiempo, pero siempre se resolvieron para que la construcción siguiera con las demás actividades y finalizar completamente la obra. Las dificultades generalmente se presentaron en las formaletas exactamente en las aletas debido a la manipulación del martillo para hacer sus ajustes, también en el plomo y desplazamiento de muros, desplazamiento de elementos de red sanitaria o red eléctrica por baja supervisión en la construcción, reemplazo de elementos de formaleta por carencia de los módulos con la medida correcta en ese momento (rinconeras en vez de panel en la losa) no acorde a los planos. Como se observa, el presente trabajo enuncia diferentes problemas presentados en obra, además existe un interrogante sobre la construcción de estructuras con mallas electrosoldadas como refuerzo principal en muros esbeltos, por lo tanto, por medio del análisis de artículos y trabajos referentes al tema, se da unas observaciones y opiniones acerca de ese sistema y su efectividad para resistir sismos

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

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Raíces: plazas, tradición y cultura

Desde sus inicios como oficio se ha entendido el diseño gráfico como una disciplina orientada a la creación y transferencia de mensajes visuales construidos por medio de estrategias gráficas previamente estructuradas y planificadas para dar respuesta a necesidades comunicativas, apoyadas en una variedad de herramientas, técnicas y medios tanto impresos como digitales. Esta definición podría dar a entender que la función del diseño está más enfocada a dar respuesta a las necesidades estéticas de la comunicación sin un involucramiento directo con el tipo de mensaje que se transmite y las audiencias a las que va dirigido. Sin embargo el rol del diseño gráfico es mucho más complejo en la sociedad actual, es más relevante que los diseñadores trabajen con comunidades, haciendo parte de equipos de trabajo con comunicadores sociales, administradores, sociólogos, antropólogos, entre otras disciplinas académicas para intervenir tanto en la creación como en la aplicación de estrategias de comunicación..

Measurement of electrons from semileptonic heavy-flavour hadron decays at midrapidity in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The differential invariant yield as a function of transverse momentum (pT) of electrons from semileptonic heavy-flavour hadron decays was measured at midrapidity in central (0–10%), semi-central (30–50%) and peripheral (60–80%) lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV in the pT intervals 0.5–26 GeV/c (0–10% and 30–50%) and 0.5–10 GeV/c (60–80%). The production cross section in proton–proton (pp) collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV was measured as well in 0.5 < pT < 10 GeV/c and it lies close to the upper band of perturbative QCD calculation uncertainties up to pT = 5 GeV/c and close to the mean value for larger pT. The modification of the electron yield with respect to what is expected for an incoherent superposition of nucleon–nucleon collisions is evaluated by measuring the nuclear modification factor RAA. The measurement of the RAA in different centrality classes allows in-medium energy loss of charm and beauty quarks to be investigated. The RAA shows a suppression with respect to unity at intermediate pT, which increases while moving towards more central collisions. Moreover, the measured RAA is sensitive to the modification of the parton distribution functions (PDF) in nuclei, like nuclear shadowing, which causes a suppression of the heavy-quark production at low pT in heavy-ion collisions at LHC

Measurement of charged jet cross section in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV

The cross section of jets reconstructed from charged particles is measured in the transverse momentum range of 5<pT<100 GeV/c in pp collisions at the center-of-mass energy of s√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector. The jets are reconstructed using the anti-kT algorithm with resolution parameters R=0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 in the pseudorapidity range |η|<0.9−R. The charged jet cross sections are compared with the leading order (LO) and to next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative Quantum ChromoDynamics (pQCD) calculations. It was found that the NLO calculations agree better with the measurements. The cross section ratios for different resolution parameters were also measured. These ratios increase from low pT to high pT and saturate at high pT, indicating that jet collimation is larger at high pT than at low pT. These results provide a precision test of pQCD predictions and serve as a baseline for the measurement in Pb−Pb collisions at the same energy to quantify the effects of the hot and dense medium created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

Study of J/ψ azimuthal anisotropy at forward rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The second (v2) and third (v3) flow harmonic coefficients of J/ψ mesons are measured at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4.0) in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Results are obtained with the scalar product method and reported as a function of transverse momentum, pT, for various collision centralities. A positive value of J/ψ v3 is observed with 3.7σ significance. The measurements, compared to those of prompt D0 mesons and charged particles at mid-rapidity, indicate an ordering with vn(J/ψ) <vn(D0) <vn(h±) (n = 2, 3) at low and intermediate pT up to 6 GeV/c and a convergence with v2(J/ψ) ≈v2(D0) ≈v2(h±) at high pT above 6-8 GeV/c. In semi-central collisions (5-40% and 10-50% centrality intervals) at intermediate pT between 2 and 6 GeV/c, the ratio v3/v2 of J/ψ mesons is found to be significantly lower (4.6σ) with respect to that of charged particles. In addition, the comparison to the prompt D0-meson ratio in the same pT interval suggests an ordering similar to that of the v2 and v3 coefficients. The J/ψ v2 coefficient is further studied using the Event Shape Engineering technique. The obtained results are found to be compatible with the expected variations of the eccentricity of the initial-state geometry

Neutral pion and η meson production at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

Neutral pion and η meson production in the transverse momentum range 1 < pT < 20 GeV/c have been measured at mid-rapidity by the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in central and semi-central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√ = 2.76 TeV. These results were obtained using the photon conversion method as well as the PHOS and EMCal detectors. The results extend the upper pT reach of the previous ALICE π0 measurements from 12 GeV/c to 20 GeV/c and present the first measurement of η meson production in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. The η/π0 ratio is similar for the two centralities and reaches at high pT a plateau value of 0.457 ± 0.013stat ± 0.018syst. A suppression of similar magnitude for π0 and η meson production is observed in Pb-Pb collisions with respect to their production in pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. We discuss the results in terms of NLO pQCD predictions and hydrodynamic models. The measurements show a stronger suppression with respect to what was observed at lower center-of-mass energies in the pT range 6 < pT < 10 GeV/c. At pT < 3 GeV/c, hadronization models describe the π0 results while for the η some tension is observed

Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The production of beauty hadrons was measured via semi-leptonic decays at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC in the transverse momentum interval 1<pT<8 GeV/c in minimum-bias p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV and in 1.3<pT<8 GeV/c in the 20% most central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV. The pp reference spectra at s√=5.02 TeV and s√=2.76 TeV, needed for the calculation of the nuclear modification factors RpPb and RPbPb, were obtained by a pQCD-driven scaling of the cross section of electrons from beauty-hadron decays measured at s√=7 TeV. In the pT interval 3<pT<8 GeV/c a suppression of the yield of electrons from beauty-hadron decays is observed in Pb-Pb compared to pp collisions. Towards lower pT, the RPbPb values increase with large systematic uncertainties. The RpPb is consistent with unity within systematic uncertainties and is well described by theoretical calculations that include cold nuclear matter effects in p-Pb collisions. The measured RpPb and these calculations indicate that cold nuclear matter effects are small at high transverse momentum also in Pb-Pb collisions. Therefore, the observed reduction of RPbPb below unity at high pT may be ascribed to an effect of the hot and dense medium formed in Pb-Pb collisions

Anomalous evolution of the near-side jet peak shape in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The measurement of two-particle angular correlations is a powerful tool to study jet quenching in a pT region inaccessible by direct jet identification. In these measurements pseudorapidity (Δη) and azimuthal (Δφ) differences are used to extract the shape of the near-side peak formed by particles associated to a higher pT trigger particle (1<pT,trig< 8 GeV/c). A combined fit of the near-side peak and long-range correlations is applied to the data allowing the extraction of the centrality evolution of the peak shape in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV. A significant broadening of the peak in the Δη direction at low pT is found from peripheral to central collisions, which vanishes above 4 GeV/c, while in the Δφ direction the peak is almost independent of centrality. For the 10% most central collisions and 1<pT,assoc< 2 GeV/c, 1<pT,trig< 3 GeV/c a novel feature is observed: a depletion develops around the centre of the peak. The results are compared to pp collisions at the same centre of mass energy and to AMPT model simulations. The comparison to the investigated models suggests that the broadening and the development of the depletion is connected to the strength of radial and longitudinal flow

Elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.7) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The particle azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, where the second coefficient (v2) represents the elliptic flow. The v2 coefficient of inclusive electrons is measured in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) with the event plane and the scalar product methods in the transverse momentum (pT) intervals 0.5-13 GeV/c and 0.5-8 GeV/c, respectively. After subtracting the background, mainly from photon conversions and Dalitz decays of neutral mesons, a positive v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays is observed in all centrality classes, with a maximum significance of 5.9σ in the interval 2< pT < 2.5 GeV/c in semi-central collisions (20-40%). The value of v2 decreases towards more central collisions at low and intermediate pT (0.5 < pT < 3 GeV/c). The v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity is found to be similar to the one of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4). The results are described within uncertainties by model calculations including substantial elastic interactions of heavy quarks with an expanding strongly-interacting medium