22 research outputs found
Referral Patterns, Procedures, and Outcomes of a Large Community- Based Urology Group: a Retrospective Chart Review
In 2012 The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against prostate cancer (Pca) screening. The purpose of our study is to assess the effects of the USPSTF grade D recommendation for PSA based screening on new PCa diagnoses within a large-community based private practice setting. We completed a retrospective chart review of men with an elevated PSA seen in our clinic between May 2009–May 2015 who had undergone a prostate biopsy and were diagnosed with PCa. We observed that following the 2012 USPSTF recommendations, there was a significant increase in patients with clinically significant prostate cancer GG ≥ 2, with the majority being 55-65 years of age. In addition we observed a decrease in the diagnosis of very low and low risk PCa with an increased incidence of intermediate and high risk PCa
Importance of small earthquakes for stress transfers and earthquake triggering
We estimate the relative importance of small and large earthquakes for static
stress changes and for earthquake triggering, assuming that earthquakes are
triggered by static stress changes and that earthquakes are located on a
fractal network of dimension D. This model predicts that both the number of
events triggered by an earthquake of magnitude m and the stress change induced
by this earthquake at the location of other earthquakes increase with m as
\~10^(Dm/2). The stronger the spatial clustering, the larger the influence of
small earthquakes on stress changes at the location of a future event as well
as earthquake triggering. If earthquake magnitudes follow the Gutenberg-Richter
law with b>D/2, small earthquakes collectively dominate stress transfer and
earthquake triggering, because their greater frequency overcomes their smaller
individual triggering potential. Using a Southern-California catalog, we
observe that the rate of seismicity triggered by an earthquake of magnitude m
increases with m as 10^(alpha m), where alpha=1.00+-0.05. We also find that the
magnitude distribution of triggered earthquakes is independent of the
triggering earthquake magnitude m. When alpha=b, small earthquakes are roughly
as important to earthquake triggering as larger ones. We evaluate the fractal
correlation dimension of hypocenters D=2 using two relocated catalogs for
Southern California, and removing the effect of short-term clustering. Thus
D=2alpha as predicted by assuming that earthquake triggering is due to static
stress. The value D=2 implies that small earthquakes are as important as larger
ones for stress transfers between earthquakes.Comment: 14 pages, 7 eps figures, latex. In press in J. Geophys. Re
Mainshocks are aftershocks of conditional foreshocks: How do foreshock statistical properties emerge from aftershock laws
The inverse Omori law for foreshocks discovered in the 1970s states that the
rate of earthquakes prior to a mainshock increases on average as a power law ~
1/(t_c-t)^p' of the time to the mainshock occurring at t_c. Here, we show that
this law results from the direct Omori law for aftershocks describing the power
law decay ~ 1/(t-t_c)^p of seismicity after an earthquake, provided that any
earthquake can trigger its suit of aftershocks. In this picture, the seismic
activity at any time is the sum of the spontaneous tectonic loading and of the
activity triggered by all preceding events weighted by their corresponding
Omori law. The inverse Omori law then emerges as the expected (in a statistical
sense) trajectory of seismicity, conditioned on the fact that it leads to the
burst of seismic activity accompanying the mainshock. The often documented
apparent decrease of the b-value of the GR law at the approach to the main
shock results straightforwardly from the conditioning of the path of seismic
activity culminating at the mainshock. In the space domain, we predict that the
phenomenon of aftershock diffusion must have its mirror process reflected into
an inward migration of foreshocks towards the mainshock. In this model,
foreshock sequences are special aftershock sequences which are modified by the
condition to end up in a burst of seismicity associated with the mainshock.Comment: Latex document of 35 pages, 10 figure
Signalling properties of an HIV-encoded angiogenic peptide mimicking vascular endothelial growth factor activity
Signalling properties of an HIV-encoded angiogenic peptide mimicking vascular endothelial growth factor activity
A Critical Reassessment of Penetratin Translocation Across Lipid Membranes
Penetratin is a short, basic cell-penetrating peptide able to induce cellular uptake of a vast variety of large, hydrophilic cargos. We have reassessed the highly controversial issue of direct permeation of the strongly cationic peptide across negatively charged lipid membranes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy on rhodamine-labeled giant vesicles incubated with carboxyfluorescein-labeled penetratin yielded no evidence of transbilayer movement, in contradiction to previously reported results. Confocal fluorescence spectroscopy on black lipid membranes confirmed this finding, which was also not affected by application of a transmembrane electric potential difference. A novel dialysis assay based on tryptophan absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that the permeability of small and large unilamellar vesicles to penetratin is <10(−13) m/s. Taken together, the results show that penetratin is not capable of overcoming model membrane systems irrespective of the bilayer curvature or the presence of a transmembrane voltage. Thus, direct translocation across the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane cannot account for the efficient uptake of penetratin into live cells, which is in accord with recent in vitro studies underlining the importance of endocytosis in the internalization process of cationic cell-penetrating peptides