Tidal stress triggering of earthquakes in Southern California

We analyse the influence of the solid Earth tides and ocean loading on the occurrence time of Southern California earthquakes. For each earthquake, we calculate tidal Coulomb failure stress and stress rate on a fault plane that is assumed to be controlled by the orientation of the adjacent fault. To reduce bias when selecting data for testing the tide-earthquake relationship, we create four earthquake catalogues containing events within 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 km of nearest faults. We investigate the difference in seismicity rates at times of positive and negative tidal stresses/stress rates given three different cases. We consider seismicity rates during times of positive versus negative stress and stress rate, as well as 2 and 3 hr surrounding the local tidal stress extremes. We find that tidal influence on earthquake occurrence is found to be statistically non-random only in close proximity to tidal extremes meaning that magnitude of tidal stress plays an important role in tidal triggering. A non-random tidal signal is observed for the reverse events. Along with a significant increase in earthquake rates around tidal Coulomb stress maxima, the strength of tidal correlation is found to be closely related to the amplitude of the peak tidal Coulomb stress (τp). The most effective tidal triggering is found for τp ≥ 1 kPa, which is much smaller than thresholds suggested for static and dynamic triggering of aftershocks.Magda Bucholc and Sandy Steac

Walt Whitman\u27s dionysian ego: apollo and dionysus from friedrich nietzsche\u27s the birth of tragedy at work and at play in leaves of grass (1855 edition)

This thesis compares the first major published works of American poet Walt Whitman and German philosopher FriedrichNietzche--not as an exercisethat traces literacy borrowing but in order to show that Whitman\u27s Leaves of Grass (1855 Edition) and Nietzsche\u27s The Birth of Tragedy are akin in their descriptions of a kind of consciousness

A tale of two disasters: biases in risk communication

Theme for 2016: Recognizing and representing eventsRisk communication, where scientists inform policy-makers or the populace of the probability and magnitude of possible disasters, is essential to disaster management – enabling people to make better decisions regarding preventative steps, evacuations, etc. Psychological research, however, has identified multiple biases that can affect people’s interpretation of probabilities and thus risk. For example, availability (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973) is known to confound probability estimates while the descriptionexperience gap (D-E Gap) (Hertwig & Erev, 2009) shows low probability events being over-weighted when described and under-weighted when learnt from laboratory tasks. This paper examines how probability descriptions interact with real world experience of events. Responses from 294 participants across 8 conditions showed that people’s responses, given the same described probabilities and consequences, were altered by their familiarity with the disaster (bushfire vs earthquake) and its salience to them personally. The implications of this for risk communication are discussed.Matthew B. Welsh, Sandy Steacy, Steve H. Begg, Daniel J. Navarr

Applying the Coulomb Failure Function with an optimally oriented plane to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggering

The Coulomb failure function (CFF) quantitatively describes static stress changes in secondary faults near the source fault of an earthquake. CFF can be employed to monitor how static stress transfers and then shed some light on the probability of successive events occurring around a source fault. In this paper we focus on the CFF and particularly on optimally oriented planes. We present a unified model to determine an optimally oriented plane and its corresponding Coulomb stress, then apply the model to the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam (Iran) earthquake and the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake, thereby checking its effectiveness. Our results show that spatial correlation between positive Coulomb stress changes and aftershocks are, for the 2003 Bam earthquake, 47.06% when elastic Coulomb stress changes are resolved on uniform planes and 87.53% when these are resolved on optimally oriented planes at depth; for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake the correlations are 45.68% and 58.20%, respectively. It is recommended that account be taken of optimally oriented planes when drawing a Coulomb stress map for analyzing earthquake triggering effects

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING POLICY ON BOND RATING TO FINANCIAL COMPANIES LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

The objective of the empirical study is to examine the effect of leverage, liquidity, profitability and accounting policies on bond rating. The sample of this empirical study is financial companies that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2012-2016. The results of this empirical study shows that leverage affects negatively on bonds rating. While, liquidity, profitability, and accounting policy affect positively on bonds rating

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article narrates how the Chickasaws lived, prospered, and operated in their native lands before being relocated to the Oklahoma Territory. The article also mentions how the tribe adapted to their changing circumstances before the Civil War