Kajian Perbandingan Pelarut : Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMS) dan Penggunaan Pelarut Daur Ulang Pada Proses Saponifikasi DALMS Untuk Memperoleh Rendemen Tertinggi

Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMS) merupakan produk samping pemurnian fisik minyak sawit mentah yang terdiri dari asam lemak bebas, gliserida, serta bioaktif multikomponen seperti skualen, karoten, tokoferol dan tokotrienol, serta fitosterol. Bioaktif multikomponen dapat diperoleh dengan saponifikasi DALMS dan ekstraksi fraksi tidak tersabunkan (FTT). Pelarut yang digunakan pada saponifikasi dan ekstraksi FTT DALMS yaitu kombinasi etanol, heksana, dan akuades. Pelarut saponifikasi menggunakan etanol, sedangkan ekstraksi menggunakan heksana dan akuades. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan kondisi optimum proses saponifikasi dengan parameter variasi perbandingan pelarut : DALMS (Tahap 1) serta penggunaan pelarut baru dan pelarut daur ulang (Tahap 2) dengan respon rendemen FTT. Rendemen tertinggi akan dilakukan analisa bioaktif meliputi Vitamin E (α-tokoferol, α-tokotrienol, δ-tokotrienol, γ- tokotrienol), fitosterol (kampesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), karotenoid (α– karoten dan β–karoten) serta skualen. Penelitian terdiri dari penelitian pendahuluan dan dua tahap penelitian utama. Penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan untuk menentukan interval atas dan bawah perbandingan etanol : DALMS (v/b), heksana : DALMS (v/b) dan akuades : DALMS (v/b) dengan respon rendemen. Hasil penelitian pendahuluan masingmasing pada perlakuan etanol 6:1 (v/b), perlakuan heksana perbandingan 8:1 (v/b), dan perlakuan akuades 12:1 (v/b) menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi, masingmasing (0,51%; 0,67%; 0,21%). Berdasarkan data tersebut, batas bawah dari masing-masing perbandingan pelarut yaitu etanol : DALMS 5:1 (v/b), heksana : DALMS 6:1 (v/b), dan akuades : DALMS 10: 1 (v/b). Batas atas untuk masingmasing pelarut : DALMS yaitu etanol : DALMS 7:1 (v/b), heksana : DALMS 10:1 (v/b), dan akuades : DALMS 14:1 (v/b). Batas bawah dan batas atas yang diperoleh kemudian digunakan pada penelitian tahap 1. Penelitian tahap 1 bertujuan untuk menentukan titik optimum pelarut : DALMS pada saponifikasi dan ekstraksi menggunakan Rancangan Komposit Pusat Metode Permukaan Respon yang terdiri dari tiga variabel yaitu perbandingan etanol : DALMS (v/b) (X1), heksana : DALMS (v/b) (X2) dan akuades : DALMS (v/b) (X3) dengan respon rendemen. Perlakuan terbaik dilakukan analisa bilangan oksidasi (bilangan peroksida dan p-anisidin) dan senyawa bioaktif meliputi Vitamin E (α-tokoferol, α-tokotrienol, δ-tokotrienol, γ-tokotrienol), fitosterol (kampesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), karotenoid (α–karoten dan β–karoten) dan skualen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan etanol : DALMS (6,5 : 1) (v/b), heksana : DALMS (9,7 : 1) (v/b), dan akuades (12,6 : 1) (v/b) merupakan kombinasi pelarut terbaik dengan rerata rendemen 2,23 + 0,11%. Optimasi saponifikasi dan ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap kadar bioaktif rendemen FTT DALMS. Senyawa β-sitosterol, skualen, dan total Vitamin E yang terdiri dari α- tokoferol, α-tokotrienol, δ-tokotrienol, γ-tokotrienol memiliki nilai lebih tinggi saat dilakukan optimasi pelarut dibandingkan sebelum optimasi. Perlakuan optimasi memiliki senyawa stigmasterol dan kampesterol lebih rendah dibandingkan perlakuan sebelum optimasi. Senyawa α–karoten dan β–karoten tidak dapat terekstrak pada perlakuan setelah optimasi maupun sebelum optimasi. Optimasi pelarut memiliki bilangan peroksida yang lebih tinggi dari perlakuan sebelum optimasi, serta bilangan p-Anisidin yang lebih rendah dibandingkan perlakuan sebelum optimasi. Penelitian tahap 2 bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan nyata penggunaan pelarut baru, pelarut daur ulang, dan kombinasi keduanya pada saponifikasi dan ekstraksi DALMS menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Respon pada tahap ini yaitu rendemen. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa menggunakan One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pada α = 0,05. Perlakuan dengan rendemen tertinggi dilakukan uji bilangan oksidasi (bilangan peroksida dan p-anisidin) dan senyawa bioaktif (meliputi Vitamin E (α-tokoferol, α-tokotrienol, δ- tokotrienol, γ-tokotrienol), fitosterol (kampesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), karotenoid (α–karoten dan β–karoten) dan skualen. Penggunaan pelarut daur ulang memiliki nilai rendemen tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan penggunaan pelarut baru maupun kombinasi pelarut baru : pelarut daur ulang, sehingga FTT yang dihasilkan dari saponifikasi dan ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut daur ulang dilakukan karakterisasi bilangan oksidasi dan senyawa bioaktif. Bilangan oksidasi pada penggunaan pelarut daur ulang memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi diabndingkan penggunaan pelarut baru, yang ditandai dengan bilangan peroksida dan anisidin yang memiliki nilai lebih tinggi dari penggunaan pelarut baru. Penggunaan pelarut daur ulang memiliki kadar β-sitosterol, kampesterol, dan skualen lebih tinggi dibandingkan pelarut baru. Akan tetapi, penggunaan pelarut daur ulang menghasilkan kadar stigmasterol dan Vitamin E yang terdiri dari α- tokoferol, α-tokotrienol, δ-tokotrienol, serta γ-tokotrienol lebih rendah dibandingkan pelarut baru. Senyawa α–karoten dan β–karoten tidak terdeteksi pada saponifikasi dan ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut daur ulan

Metodologías y técnicas instrumentales para el estudio de sistemas de aguas ácidas

Los sistemas de aguas ácidas presentan una gran complejidad geoquímica, ya que involucran una gran variedad de procesos de interacción entre aguas superficiales o subterráneas, gases (sobre todo el oxígeno atmosférico), minerales responsables de la generación de acidez y aquellos que intervienen en la atenuación natural de los contenidos de elementos disueltos y distintos tipos de actividad biológica. Por ello la calidad y fiabilidad de un estudio geoquímico en este tipo de sistemas dependen en gran medida de que las técnicas de muestreo, preservación y análisis de aguas, minerales, gases y muestras biológicas sean las más adecuadas para el tipo de interpretaciones que se desea realizar. En este trabajo se detallan las principales características de los métodos y técnicas más habituales empleados en los estudios geoquímicos desarrollados en sistemas de aguas ácidas en entornos ricos en sulfuros, teniendo en cuenta no sólo los distintos tipos de muestras habituales sino también las peculiaridades de los distintos tipos de sistemas (cortas mineras, balsas de lodos, arroyos ácidos, etc). Además, se indican las posibles aplicaciones y dificultades de cada metodología y técnica descrita y se proporcionan referencias a otros estudios científico-técnicos que permiten profundizar en los fundamentos de su us

The syndrome of central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism: IGSF1 controls TRHR and FSHB expression by differential modulation of pituitary TGFβ and Activin pathways

IGSF1 (Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1) gene defects cause central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. Based on a patient with a full deletion of IGSF1 clinically followed from neonate to adulthood, we investigated a common pituitary origin for hypothyroidism and macroorchidism, and the role of IGSF1 as regulator of pituitary hormone secretion. The patient showed congenital central hypothyroidism with reduced TSH biopotency, over-secretion of FSH at neonatal minipuberty and macroorchidism from 3 years of age. His markedly elevated inhibin B was unable to inhibit FSH secretion, indicating a status of pituitary inhibin B resistance. We show here that IGSF1 is expressed both in thyrotropes and gonadotropes of the pituitary and in Leydig and germ cells in the testes, but at very low levels in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, IGSF1 stimulates transcription of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) by negative modulation of the TGFβ1-Smad signaling pathway, and enhances the synthesis and biopotency of TSH, the hormone secreted by thyrotropes. By contrast, IGSF1 strongly down-regulates the activin-Smad pathway, leading to reduced expression of FSHB, the hormone secreted by gonadotropes. In conclusion, two relevant molecular mechanisms linked to central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism in IGSF1 deficiency are identified, revealing IGSF1 as an important regulator of TGFβ/Activin pathways in the pituitary

A First Search for coincident Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007

We present the results of the first search for gravitational wave bursts associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy, particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line configuration during the period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and first science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with the neutrino events. No significant coincident events were observed. We place limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of merger and core-collapse events.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, science summary page at http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S5LV_ANTARES/index.php. Public access area to figures, tables at https://dcc.ligo.org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=p120000

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 February 2013-31 March 2013

This article documents the addition of 142 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources database. Loci were developed for the following species: Agriophyllum squarrosum, Amazilia cyanocephala, Batillaria attramentaria, Fungal strain CTeY1 (Ascomycota), Gadopsis marmoratus, Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata, Liriomyza sativae, Lupinus polyphyllus, Metschnikowia reukaufii, Puccinia striiformis and Xylocopa grisescens. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Amazilia beryllina, Amazilia candida, Amazilia rutila, Amazilia tzacatl, Amazilia violiceps, Amazilia yucatanensis, Campylopterus curvipennis, Cynanthus sordidus, Hylocharis leucotis, Juniperus brevifolia, Juniperus cedrus, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus thurifera, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza chinensis, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Peer Reviewe

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = −0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.publishedVersio

Fine-mapping of prostate cancer susceptibility loci in a large meta-analysis identifies candidate causal variants

Prostate cancer is a polygenic disease with a large heritable component. A number of common, low-penetrance prostate cancer risk loci have been identified through GWAS. Here we apply the Bayesian multivariate variable selection algorithm JAM to fine-map 84 prostate cancer susceptibility loci, using summary data from a large European ancestry meta-analysis. We observe evidence for multiple independent signals at 12 regions and 99 risk signals overall. Only 15 original GWAS tag SNPs remain among the catalogue of candidate variants identified; the remainder are replaced by more likely candidates. Biological annotation of our credible set of variants indicates significant enrichment within promoter and enhancer elements, and transcription factor-binding sites, including AR, ERG and FOXA1. In 40 regions at least one variant is colocalised with an eQTL in prostate cancer tissue. The refined set of candidate variants substantially increase the proportion of familial relative risk explained by these known susceptibility regions, which highlights the importance of fine-mapping studies and has implications for clinical risk profiling. © 2018 The Author(s).Prostate cancer is a polygenic disease with a large heritable component. A number of common, low-penetrance prostate cancer risk loci have been identified through GWAS. Here we apply the Bayesian multivariate variable selection algorithm JAM to fine-map 84 prostate cancer susceptibility loci, using summary data from a large European ancestry meta-analysis. We observe evidence for multiple independent signals at 12 regions and 99 risk signals overall. Only 15 original GWAS tag SNPs remain among the catalogue of candidate variants identified; the remainder are replaced by more likely candidates. Biological annotation of our credible set of variants indicates significant enrichment within promoter and enhancer elements, and transcription factor-binding sites, including AR, ERG and FOXA1. In 40 regions at least one variant is colocalised with an eQTL in prostate cancer tissue. The refined set of candidate variants substantially increase the proportion of familial relative risk explained by these known susceptibility regions, which highlights the importance of fine-mapping studies and has implications for clinical risk profiling. © 2018 The Author(s).Peer reviewe

All-sky search for long-duration gravitational wave transients with initial LIGO

We present the results of a search for long-duration gravitational wave transients in two sets of data collected by the LIGO Hanford and LIGO Livingston detectors between November 5, 2005 and September 30, 2007, and July 7, 2009 and October 20, 2010, with a total observational time of 283.0 days and 132.9 days, respectively. The search targets gravitational wave transients of duration 10-500 s in a frequency band of 40-1000 Hz, with minimal assumptions about the signal waveform, polarization, source direction, or time of occurrence. All candidate triggers were consistent with the expected background; as a result we set 90% confidence upper limits on the rate of long-duration gravitational wave transients for different types of gravitational wave signals. For signals from black hole accretion disk instabilities, we set upper limits on the source rate density between 3.4×10-5 and 9.4×10-4 Mpc-3 yr-1 at 90% confidence. These are the first results from an all-sky search for unmodeled long-duration transient gravitational waves. © 2016 American Physical Society

All-sky search for long-duration gravitational wave transients with initial LIGO

We present the results of a search for long-duration gravitational wave transients in two sets of data collected by the LIGO Hanford and LIGO Livingston detectors between November 5, 2005 and September 30, 2007, and July 7, 2009 and October 20, 2010, with a total observational time of 283.0 days and 132.9 days, respectively. The search targets gravitational wave transients of duration 10-500 s in a frequency band of 40-1000 Hz, with minimal assumptions about the signal waveform, polarization, source direction, or time of occurrence. All candidate triggers were consistent with the expected background; as a result we set 90% confidence upper limits on the rate of long-duration gravitational wave transients for different types of gravitational wave signals. For signals from black hole accretion disk instabilities, we set upper limits on the source rate density between 3.4×10-5 and 9.4×10-4 Mpc-3 yr-1 at 90% confidence. These are the first results from an all-sky search for unmodeled long-duration transient gravitational waves. © 2016 American Physical Society

Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 in the second Advanced LIGO observing run with an improved hidden Markov model

We present results from a semicoherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass x-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to track spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of LIGO data by using an improved frequency domain matched filter, the J-statistic, and by analyzing data from Advanced LIGO's second observing run. In the frequency range searched, from 60 to 650 Hz, we find no evidence of gravitational radiation. At 194.6 Hz, the most sensitive search frequency, we report an upper limit on gravitational wave strain (at 95% confidence) of h095%=3.47×10-25 when marginalizing over source inclination angle. This is the most sensitive search for Scorpius X-1, to date, that is specifically designed to be robust in the presence of spin wandering. © 2019 American Physical Society