Were Muscovy and Castile the First Fiscal-Military States?

The article was submitted on 28.12.2013.In this article Chester Dunning examines recent scholarship about John Brewer‘s model of the development of the early modern „fiscal-military“ state and the possibility of applying Brewer‘s model to sixteenth-century Russia and Castile (Spain). He concludes that Muscovy and Castile were probably the first “fiscal-military” states.В данной статье Честер Даннинг рассматривает недавние исследования, посвященные модели развития «фискально-военного» государства Нового времени, созданной Джоном Брюэром, а также возможность приложения модели Брюэра к России XVI в. и Кастилии (Испания). Он делает вывод о том, что Московское государство и Кастилия, возможно, были первыми «фискально-военными» государствами

Россия в жизни исследователя

Честер С. Л. Даннинг, профессор истории и заведующий кафедрой гуманитарных наук имени Мюррея и Селесты Фаскен Техасского университета A & M в Колледж-Стейшен, подготовил публикацию в форме ответов на поставленные вопросы. В его ответах привлекает свобода мышления, профессионализм и несомненный талант рассказчика. Отношение к России, одновременно критическое и конструктивное, основанное на знании российских научных школ и уважении к достижениям русской науки и культуры, превращает эти заметки в важное свидетельство потенциала во взаимосвязях русской и американской исторической науки.Chester Dunning, professor of History and Murray and Celeste Fasken Chair in Liberal Arts, Department of History, Texas A&M University, College Station has authored a paper answering the aforementioned questions. His freethinking, professionalism and talent of a narrator draw the reader’s attention. His attitude towards Russia which is both critical and constructive, based on the scholar’s knowledge of Russian research schools and respect to the achievements of Russian academic thought testify to the substantial potential of Russian-American interaction in the sphere of historical study

Were muscovy and castile the first fiscal-military states?

In this article Chester Dunning examines recent scholarship about John Brewer‘s model of the development of the early modern „fiscal-military“ state and the possibility of applying Brewer‘s model to sixteenth-century Russia and Castile (Spain). He concludes that Muscovy and Castile were probably the first “fiscal-military” states.В данной статье Честер Даннинг рассматривает недавние иссле-дования, посвященные модели развития «фискально-военного» госу-дарства Нового времени, созданной Джоном Брюэром, а такжевозможность приложения модели Брюэра к России XVI в. и Кастилии (Испания). Он делает вывод о том, что Московское государство и Кастилия, возмож-но, были первыми «фискально-военными» государствами

Captain Jacques Margeret: a Remarkable Huguenot Soldier in Russia’s Time of Troubles

Abstract. Captain Jacques Margeret (fl. 1591-1621), a brave and highly intelligent French Huguenot soldier, was an active observer-participant in the Time of Troubles who contributed to Russia’s military modernization. Margeret also wrote one of the most valuable foreign accounts of early modern Russia: Estat de l’Empire de Russie et Grand Duché de Moscovie (1607). In this essay, Chester Dunning surveys two hundred years of scholarship about Margeret and his famous book, and he lays the foundation for a more objective biography of the remarkable French captain who served Tsar Boris Godunov, Tsar “Dmitrii”, Tsar Vasilii Shuiskii, the Tushinite pretender Dmitrii, “Tsar” Wladyslaw, King Sigismund III of Poland-Lithuania, Prince Janusz Radziwiłł, and finally King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden. This essay challenges recent scholarship concerning Margeret’s identity, his religious affiliation, his early career in France, his controversial career in Russia, his later career, and the composition of his book. This essay is based on fifty years of research by the translator of Jacques Margeret’s book into English as The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A 17th-Century French Account (1983). In addition to reading most published sources and scholarship about Margeret and his account of Russia, the author has examined documents related to Margeret’s biography in French, Russian, Polish, and British archives. In the process, Dunning discovered a letter Margeret wrote to King James I in 1612 encouraging English military intervention in north Russia to counter Polish and Swedish intervention

Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies

The study of the collapse of past societies raises many questions for the theory and practice of archaeology. Interest in collapse extends as well into the natural sciences and environmental and sustainability policy. Despite a range of approaches to collapse, the predominant paradigm is environmental collapse, which I argue obscures recognition of the dynamic role of social processes that lie at the heart of human communities. These environmental discourses, together with confusion over terminology and the concepts of collapse, have created widespread aporia about collapse and resulted in the creation of mixed messages about complex historical and social processes

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Россия в жизни исследователя

Chester Dunning, professor of History and Murray and Celeste Fasken Chair in Liberal Arts, Department of History, Texas AM University, College Station has authored a paper answering the aforementioned questions. His freethinking, professionalism and talent of a narrator draw the reader’s attention. His attitude towards Russia which is both critical and constructive, based on the scholar’s knowledge of Russian research schools and respect to the achievements of Russian academic thought testify to the substantial potential of Russian-American interaction in the sphere of historical study.Честер С. Л. Даннинг, профессор истории и заведующий кафедрой гуманитарных наук имени Мюррея и Селесты Фаскен Техасского университета A M в Колледж-Стейшен, подготовил публикацию в форме ответов на поставленные вопросы. В его ответах привлекает свобода мышления, профессионализм и несомненный талант рассказчика. Отношение к России, одновременно критическое и конструктивное, основанное на знании российских научных школ и уважении к достижениям русской науки и культуры, превращает эти заметки в важное свидетельство потенциала во взаимосвязях русской и американской исторической науки