Tetra­imidazolium piperazinediium bis­(benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxyl­ate) dihydrate

During the crystallization of the title compound, 4C3H5N2 +·C4H12N2 +·2C9H3O6 3−·2H2O, the acidic protons were transferred to the imidazole and piperazine N atoms, forming the final 4:1:2:2 hydrated mixed salt. The mean planes of the three carboxyl­ate groups in the anion are twisted with respect to the the central benzene ring, making dihedral angles of 13.5 (1), 14.5 (1) and 16.9 (1)°. In the crystal, the component ions are linked into a three-dimensional network by a combination of inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Further stabilization is provided by π-π stacking inter­actions with centroid–centroid distances of 3.393 (2) Å and weak C=O⋯π inter­actions [O–centroid = 3.363 (2) Å]

4-{Eth­yl[(E)-4-(4-pyridylvin­yl)phenyl]­amino}benzaldehyde

In the title mol­ecule, C22H20N2O, the central aromatic ring forms dihedral angles of 45.30 (2) and 69.43 (2)°, respectively, with the outer pyridine and benzene rings. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into layers parallel to the ab plane

Redetermination of 1-naphthalene­acetic acid

The crystal structure of the title compound, C12H10O2, was originally determined by Rajan [Acta Cryst. (1978). B34, 998–1000] using intensity data estimated from Weissenberg films. This redetermination provides a structure with significantly improved precision with respect to the geometric parameters. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a two-dimensional sheet lying parallel to (100)

(Z)-1-[(3-Cyano­phen­yl)iminiometh­yl]-2-naphtholate

The title compound, C18H12N2O, crystallizes in a zwitterionic form. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene ring and naphthalene ring system is 13.95 (5)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O inter­action results in the formation of a planar six-membered ring, which is oriented at dihedral angles of 13.50 (4) and 4.49 (4)° with respect to the benzene ring and naphthalene ring system, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a two-dimensional network. π–π contacts between the naphthalene systems [centroid–centroid distance = 3.974 (1) Å] may further stabilize the structure

Preparation and biodistribution of 188Re-labeled folate conjugated human serum albumin magnetic cisplatin nanoparticles (188Re-folate-CDDP/HSA MNPs) in vivo

Qiu-Sha Tang1,*, Dao-Zhen Chen2,*, Wen-Qun Xue2, Jing-Ying Xiang2, Yong-Chi Gong1, Li Zhang2, Cai-Qin Guo21Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu; 2Central Laboratory, Wuxi Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Affiliated Medical School of Nanjin, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China *Authors contributed equally to this workBackground: The purpose of this study was to develop intraperitoneal hyperthermic therapy based on magnetic fluid hyperthermia, nanoparticle-wrapped cisplatin chemotherapy, and magnetic particles of albumin. In addition, to combine the multiple-killing effects of hyperthermal targeting therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the albumin-nanoparticle surfaces were linked with radionuclide 188Re-labeled folic acid ligand (188Re-folate-CDDP/HSA).Methods: Human serum albumin was labeled with 188Re using the pre-tin method. Reaction time and optimal conditions of labeling were investigated. The particles were intravenously injected into mice, which were sacrificed at different time points. Radioactivity per gram of tissue of percent injected dose (% ID/g) was measured in vital organs. The biodistribution of 188Re-folate-CDDP/HAS magnetic nanoparticles was assessed.Results: Optimal conditions for 188Re-labeled folate-conjugated albumin combined with cisplatin magnetic nanoparticles were: 0.1 mL of sodium gluconate solution (0.3 mol/L), 0.1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid with dissolved stannous chloride (10 mg/mL), 0.04 mL of acetic acid buffer solution (pH 5, 0.2 mol/L), 30 mg of folate-conjugated albumin combined with cisplatin magnetic nanoparticles, and 188ReO4 eluent (0.1 mL). The rate of 188Re-folate-CDDP-HSA magnetic nanoparticle formation exceeded 90%, and radiochemical purity exceeded 95%. The overall labeling rate was 83% in calf serum at 37°C. The major uptake tissues were the liver, kidney, intestine, and tumor after the 188Re-folate-CDDP/HSA magnetic nanoparticles were injected into nude mice. Uptake of 188Re-folate-CDDP/HSA magnetic nanoparticles increased gradually after injection, peaked at 8 hours with a value of 8.83 ± 1.71, and slowly decreased over 24 hours in vivo.Conclusion: These results indicate that 188Re-folate-CDDP/HSA magnetic nanoparticles can be used in radionuclide-targeted cancer therapy. Surface-modified albumin nanoparticles with folic acid ligand-labeled radionuclide (188Re) were successfully prepared, laying the foundation for a triple-killing effect of thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.Keywords: cisplatin, folic acid, albumin, magnetic nanoparticles, 188Re, ovarian cance

N′-(2-Chloro­benzyl­idene)-3,4,5-tri­methoxy­benzohydrazide methanol solvate

In the title compound, C17H17ClN2O4·CH4O, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring planes is 5.29 (6)°. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a chain along the a axis

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London