Effets des nanoparticules d'argent sur les processus enzymatiques des sols

Les nanomatériaux sont de plus en plus présents dans les produits consommables du quotidien. L’argent est le métal le plus utilisé en nanotechnologie pour ses propriétés antimicrobiennes. Par différentes voies d’entrée, les nanoparticules d’argent (nAg) se retrouvent dans l’environnement en quantité significative, notamment dans les sols suite à la valorisation agricole des biosolides municipaux. Il est prévu qu’une interaction négative sur la communauté microbienne terrestre ait des répercussions sur la fertilité du sol et les processus biogéochimiques. Les mesures de l’activité enzymatique ont déjà montré leur efficacité et leur sensibilité dans la détection d’une perturbation physique et chimique du sol. Les effets potentiels des nAg sur l’écosystème terrestre ont été évalués en mesurant l’activité des enzymes β-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), leucine-aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), phosphomonoesterase (EC 3.1.3) et arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) intervenant dans les cycles des éléments essentiels C, N, P et S, respectivement. L’activité enzymatique est mesurée à l’aide d’une technique basée sur la fluorescence qui requière des substrats synthétiques liés à un fluorophore. Un sol de type sableux a été échantillonné au Campus Macdonald de l’Université McGill (Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qc) puis exposé aux nAg (taille ~20 nm) ou à la forme ionique Ag+ (Ag-acetate) à des concentrations nominales de 1,25 × 10-3, 1,25 × 10-2, 0,125, 1,25, 6,25 et 31,25 mg Ag kg-1 sol. De plus, le rôle de la matière organique (MO) a été évalué en effectuant un amendement du sol avec un compost de feuilles. Pour mieux comprendre les effets observés, des analyses de spéciation de l’Ag ont été réalisées. Les concentrations en Ag dissous ont été déterminées après filtration à travers des membranes de 0,45 µm ou de 3 kDa (~1 nm, ultrafiltration) pour séparer la phase particulaire des ions dissous. De façon générale, une inhibition de l’activité enzymatique a été observée pour les 4 enzymes en fonction de l’augmentation de la concentration en Ag (totale et dissoute) mais elle est significativement moins importante avec l’ajout de la MO. Les résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition de l’activité des enzymes aux faibles expositions aux nAg est due aux nanoparticules puisqu’une très faible fraction des nAg est réellement dissoute et aucun effet significatif n’a été observé pour les sols traités à des concentrations similaires en Ag+. Par contre, les effets mesurés aux concentrations plus élevées en nAg sont semblables aux expositions à l’Ag+ et suggèrent un rôle de l’Ag colloïdale dans l’inhibition du processus enzymatique des sols.Nanomaterials are increasingly included in manufactured consumable products. Silver is the metal that is most often used in nanotechnology for its antimicrobial properties. By different pathways, silver nanoparticles (nAg) can end up in the environment, in significant quantities. They are especially expected to be found in soils due to the use of landfills. In the presence of silver (Ag) negative effects on the terrestrial microbial communities with a subsequent impact on soil fertility and biogeochemical processes are expected. Measurements of enzyme activity have already shown their effectiveness and sensitivity in the detection of chemical and physical disturbances of soils. In this document, the potential effects of nAg on the terrestrial ecosystem have been evaluated by measuring the activities of the enzymes β-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), phosphomonoesterase (EC 3.1.3) and arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1), which are involved in the cycling of the essential elements C, N, P and S, respectively. The enzyme activity is measured using a fluorescence based technique that employs synthetic substrates linked to a fluorophore. A sandy soil was sampled at Macdonald Campus of McGill University (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qc) and then exposed to nAg (size ~ 20 nm) or free silver (Ag+, as Ag-acetate) at nominal concentrations of 1.25 × 10-3, 1.25 × 10-2, 0.125, 1.25, 6.25 and 31.25 mg Ag kg-1 soil. The role of organic matter (OM) was evaluated by adding leaf compost to the soil. The proportion of the toxicity that could be attributed to the nAg was evaluated by performing Ag speciation analyses in all soil samples. Dissolved Ag concentrations were determined after filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane or a 3 kDa ultrafiltration membrane (~ 1 nm) in order to separate the particulate phase from the dissolved ions. In general, inhibition of the enzyme activities was observed for the four enzymes as a function of increasing Ag concentrations (total and dissolved), however effects were significantly less dramatic in the OM-amended soil. The results suggested that the inhibition of enzyme activities at low-concentrations of nAg appeared to be due to the nanoparticles since a very small fraction of the nAg was actually dissolved and no significant effect was observed for soils treated with similar concentrations of Ag+. On the other hand, the effects measured at high concentrations of Ag were similar for the exposures to both nAg and Ag+, suggesting that, at these concentrations, colloidal Ag may have played a role in the inhibition of the soil enzymatic processes

Modulation of microtubule assembly by the HIV-1 Tat protein is strongly dependent on zinc binding to Tat

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

DIAGNÓSTICO DE IMPACTOS EM ÁREA DE INSTALAÇÃO DE PEQUENA CENTRAL HIDRELÉTRICA NO MUNICÍPIO DE TAQUARUÇU DO SUL/RS

Watersheds are characterized by presenting areas drained by a water body and its tributaries, where the dynamics of this water body is directly related to the topography, vegetation, soil type, rainfall and anthropogenic activities on the environment. Because of this, this paper aims to demonstrate the impacts generated by the presence of a small hydroelectric (PCH) tourist area and its surroundings, as well as some measures of recovery and stabilization of the area around the River Fortaleza, via case study of the use and land use in the municipality of South Taquaruçu / RS. Is for achievement was raised data fields through field visit, photographic survey and through Google Earth. Proposals to control the impacts on the river, and PCH generated by human occupation in the area, are deploying range permanent preservation area, slope stabilization and installation of bins in the area of tourism. Therefore, for an adequate management of a watershed is necessary the development of activities in balance with the environment, allowing the socioeconomic development of the people and respecting the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.Bacias hidrográficas caracterizam-se por apresentar áreas drenadas por um corpo hídrico e seus afluentes, onde a dinâmica desse corpo d’água relaciona-se diretamente com a topografia, vegetação, tipo de solo, índice pluviométrico e atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas no ambiente. Devido a isto, este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar os impactos gerados pela presença de uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica e de área turística aos seus arredores, bem como algumas medidas de recuperação e estabilização da área que circunda o Rio Fortaleza, via estudo de caso do uso e ocupação do solo, em área do município de Taquaruçu do Sul/RS. Para está realização foi levantado dados de áreas, através de visita a campo, levantamento fotográfico e por meio do Google Earth. As propostas para controle dos impactos no rio, gerados pela ocupação antrópica e PCH na área, são a implantação de faixa de área de preservação permanente, estabilização de taludes e a instalação de lixeiras em área de fins turísticos. Sendo assim, para um manejo adequado de uma bacia hidrográfica se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de atividades em equilíbrio com o meio ambiente, possibilitando o desenvolvimento socioeconômico dos habitantes e respeitando a capacidade de suporte do ecossistema

O USO DO QUANTUM GIS (QGIS) PARA CARACTERIZAÇÃO E DELIMITAÇÃO DE ÁREA DEGRADA POR ATIVIDADE DE MINERAÇÃO DE BASALTO NO MUNICÍPIO DE TENTENTE PORTELA (RS)

The rise construction developed an accelerated process of extracting rock , increasing the number and extent of the quarries are in Brazil . This activity of extracting rock causes several changes in the environment , monitoring of these degraded areas through the use of environmental zoning is required. To monitor the extraction of basalt from the municipality of Tenente Portela ( RS ) mine , we used to use Quantum GIS ( QGIS ) software to characterize the area , effecting the delimitation of the area of mining digging and regions deposit tailings , access roads and points of interest in the area in question . For each contour were nominated for best viewing points on the boundaries . The Quantum GIS software is shown , using the tools offered by them for handling spatial data , a good geotechnical method to aid in planning the recovery of degraded area because the software offer data collection mechanisms that facilitate the study of the state of area in question .A ascensão da construção civil desenvolve um processo acelerado de extração de rochas, aumentando o número e a extensão de pedreiras no Brasil. Essa atividade de extração de rochas causa inúmeros problemas sociais, econômicos e principalmente ambientais, sendo necessário o monitoramento dessas áreas degradadas através do uso do zoneamento ambiental. O foco central desse trabalho na mina de extração de Basalto do Município de Tenente Portela consiste no zoneamento ambiental através do uso do software Quantum Gis (QGIS) para a caracterização da área da cava de extração, bem como a delimitação das regiões de depósito de rejeitos, as vias de acesso e pontos de interesse na área em questão. Para cada delimitação foram nomeados pontos para melhor visualização das áreas. Os resultados apontam que o software Quantum Gis mostra-se um programa excelente para manipulação de dados espaciais, e também um bom método geotécnico, por apresentar mecanismos de levantamento de dados, no auxílio do planejamento de recuperação da área degrada em questão.

Genome-wide interaction study of a proxy for stress-sensitivity and its prediction of major depressive disorder

Individual response to stress is correlated with neuroticism and is an important predictor of both neuroticism and the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identification of the genetics underpinning individual differences in response to negative events (stress-sensitivity) may improve our understanding of the molecular pathways involved, and its association with stress-related illnesses. We sought to generate a proxy for stress-sensitivity through modelling the interaction between SNP allele and MDD status on neuroticism score in order to identify genetic variants that contribute to the higher neuroticism seen in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of depression compared to unaffected individuals. Meta-analysis of genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) in UK Biobank (N = 23,092) and Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (N = 7,155) identified no genome-wide significance SNP interactions. However, gene-based tests identified a genome-wide significant gene, ZNF366, a negative regulator of glucocorticoid receptor function implicated in alcohol dependence (p = 1.48x10-7; Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold p < 2.79x10-6). Using summary statistics from the stress-sensitivity term of the GWIS, SNP heritability for stress-sensitivity was estimated at 5.0%. In models fitting polygenic risk scores of both MDD and neuroticism derived from independent GWAS, we show that polygenic risk scores derived from the UK Biobank stress-sensitivity GWIS significantly improved the prediction of MDD in Generation Scotland. This study may improve interpretation of larger genome-wide association studies of MDD and other stress-related illnesses, and the understanding of the etiological mechanisms underpinning stress-sensitivity

Hair Cortisol in Twins : Heritability and Genetic Overlap with Psychological Variables and Stress-System Genes

A. Palotie on työryhmän jäsen.Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a promising measure of long-term hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Previous research has suggested an association between HCC and psychological variables, and initial studies of inter-individual variance in HCC have implicated genetic factors. However, whether HCC and psychological variables share genetic risk factors remains unclear. The aims of the present twin study were to: (i) assess the heritability of HCC; (ii) estimate the phenotypic and genetic correlation between HPA axis activity and the psychological variables perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism; using formal genetic twin models and molecular genetic methods, i.e. polygenic risk scores (PRS). HCC was measured in 671 adolescents and young adults. These included 115 monozygotic and 183 dizygotic twin-pairs. For 432 subjects PRS scores for plasma cortisol, major depression, and neuroticism were calculated using data from large genome wide association studies. The twin model revealed a heritability for HCC of 72%. No significant phenotypic or genetic correlation was found between HCC and the three psychological variables of interest. PRS did not explain variance in HCC. The present data suggest that HCC is highly heritable. However, the data do not support a strong biological link between HCC and any of the investigated psychological variables.Peer reviewe

Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals

We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

Evidence for Increased Genetic Risk Load for Major Depression in Patients Assigned to Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the treatment of choice for severe and treatment-resistant depression; disorder severity and unfavorable treatment outcomes are shown to be influenced by an increased genetic burden for major depression (MD). Here, we tested whether ECT assignment and response/nonresponse are associated with an increased genetic burden for major depression (MD) using polygenic risk score (PRS), which summarize the contribution of diseaserelated common risk variants. Fifty-one psychiatric inpatients suffering from a major depressive episode underwent ECT. MD-PRS were calculated for these inpatients and a separate population-based sample (n = 3,547 healthy; n = 426 self-reported depression) based on summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium MDD-working group (Cases: n = 59,851; Controls: n = 113,154). MD-PRS explained a significant proportion of disease status between ECT patients and healthy controls (p = .022, R2 = 1.173%); patients showed higher MD-PRS. MD-PRS in population-based depression self-reporters were intermediate between ECT patients and controls (n.s.). Significant associations between MD-PRS and ECT response (50% reduction in Hamilton depression rating scale scores) were not observed. Our findings indicate that ECT cohorts show an increased genetic burden for MD and are consistent with the hypothesis that treatment-resistant MD patients represent a subgroup with an increased genetic risk for MD. Larger samples are needed to better substantiate these findings