Medidor electrónico de ACPM en galones, para el tanque del generador eléctrico del radar de ESUFA

Since measurements such as meters (m), kilometers (km) or gallons (gal) of any object, substance or matter; man has sought systems that guarantee the accuracy of what he sells, buys, uses or consumes in his activities. The Colombian Air Force (FAC) is no exception; at the Colombian Air Force Non-Commissioned Officers School (ESUFA) there is a storage tank for Motor Fuel Oil (ACPM) that is used for the operation of the electric generator that supplies electric power to the ANTPS-70 radar. The measurement of ACPM consumption in gallons is done by hand. The operators use a gauging rod, which is inserted into the tank and, depending on how long it is wetted, allows them to estimate the number of gallons of fuel in the tank and use this data to estimate the number of gallons used. This procedure is carried out in each of the AN/TPS-70 type radars of the FAC military units. In the present investigation, a digital system for measuring the gallons of ACPM in the tanks was developed. The volume of the tank is established with the tank manufacturer's data. With an ultrasound sensor HC-SR04, which works by emitting an ultrasonic sound by one of its transducers, and waiting for the sound to bounce off the surface of the ACPM, the echo is captured by the second transducer. Thus, the height of the fuel (ACPM) inside the tank is obtained and a comparison table of height & volume is made, the Arduino UNO board is programmed and with this relationship the amount of gallons of ACPM contained in the tank is measured, which are transmitted wirelessly by a NRF24L01 module to the receiver where the amount of gallons is displayed on an LCD.Desde que las mediciones como son los metros (m), kilómetros (Km) o galones (gal). de cualquier objeto, sustancia o materia; el hombre ha buscado sistemas que le garanticen su exactitud de lo que vende, compra, utiliza o consume en sus actividades. En la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (FAC) no es la excepción; en la Escuela de Suboficiales de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (ESUFA) se encuentra un tanque de almacenamiento del Aceite Combustible para Motores (ACPM) que sirve para el funcionamiento del generador eléctrico el cual suministra energía eléctrica al radar ANTPS-70. La medición del consumo de ACPM en galones se realiza de manera artesanal. Los operarios utilizan una varilla de aforo, la cual es introducida al tanque y según la longitud que se humedece permite estimar la cantidad de galones de combustible en el tanque y con este dato hacen un estimado de los galones utilizados. Este procedimiento se efectúa en cada uno de los radares tipo AN/TPS-70 de las unidades militares de la FAC. En la presente investigación se realizó un sistema digital de medición de los galones de ACPM de los tanques. Se establece el volumen del tanque con los datos del fabricante de este. Con un sensor de ultrasonido HC-SR04 que su funcionamiento consiste en emitir un sonido ultrasónico por uno de sus transductores, y esperar que el sonido rebote en la superficie del ACPM, el eco es captado por el segundo transductor. Así se logra obtener la altura del combustible (ACPM) dentro del tanque y se realizó una tabla de comparación de altura & volumen, se programa la placa Arduino UNO y con esta relación se mide la cantidad de galones de ACPM contenidos en el tanque, los cuales son transmitidos inalámbricamente por un módulo NRF24L01 al receptor donde se visualiza la cantidad de galones en un LCD

Prototipo control de vehículo robot por señales EMG

The EMG (Electromyography) signals are basically electrical pulses emitted by the nerves and muscles of the extremities of the human body, (for example the biceps of the arm) which are obtained by means of electrodes. These signals can be amplified and used in different activities or jobs. In the present investigation the EMG signals, acquired from the biceps of the arm to be used, are used by means of three surface electrodes specifically placed to be able to acquire the signals transmitted by the biceps muscles, which with the use of a differential amplifier will be measured and amplified the difference in voltage between the three electrodes that is placed in the muscle, taking into account that the signals are between the ranges of µV and less than 10mV. In the following stages the preparation of the signal is done to connect it to a microcontroller. In this case, the Arduino card will be used, where the already amplified signal is processed and transmitted wirelessly with the help of NRF24L01, which has a range of 1000 meters away from the control system in the Robot Vehicle. In this comes the variation of tension depending on the deflection of the arm and therefore the Robot vehicle accelerates or slows down depending on the signal emitted by the arm amplifier system. Finally, the prototype is adjusted and the fundamental mechanical-electronic characterizations for the different control movements are established.Las señales EMG (Electromiografía) son básicamente pulsos eléctricos emitidos por los nervios y músculos de las extremidades del cuerpo humano, (ejemplo el bíceps del brazo) los que se obtienen por medio de electrodos. Estas señales se pueden amplificar y ser utilizadas en diferentes actividades o trabajos. En la presente investigación se utilizan las señales EMG, adquiridas del bíceps del brazo a utilizar, por medio de tres electrodos superficiales colocados específicamente para poder adquirir las señales trasmitidas por los músculos del bíceps, que con la utilización de un amplificador diferencial se medirá y amplificará la diferencia de voltaje entre los tres electrodos que se coloca en el músculo, teniendo en cuenta que las señales se encuentran entre los rangos de µV y menores de 10mV. En las siguientes etapas se realiza la preparación de la señal para conectarla a un microcontrolador. En este caso se utilizará la tarjeta Arduino, en donde se procesa la señal ya amplificada y se trasmite inalámbricamente con la ayuda del NRF24L01, que tiene un alcance de1000 metros de distancia al sistema de control que está en el Vehículo Robot. En este llega la variación de tensión dependiendo de la deflexión del brazo y por lo tanto el vehículo Robot se acelera o desacelera dependiendo de la señal emitida por el sistema amplificador del brazo. Finalmente se ajusta el prototipo y se establecen las caracterizaciones fundamentales mecánicas-electrónicas para los diferentes movimientos de control

3D seismic tomography in the seismic nest of Bucaramanga (Colombia)

La tomografía sísmica es una técnica con la cual se genera una imagen del interior de la tierra; una de las posibilidades de datos a utilizar son los tiempos de llegada de las ondas generadas en un sismo a las estaciones sismológicas. En el presente trabajo se utilizó dicha técnica para generar un modelo de velocidades cuasi 3D de la Onda P, en la zona del nido de Bucaramanga, en donde se presenta una alta actividad sísmica, posiblemente debido a la colisión de la Placa de Nazca con la Placa Caribe bajo la Placa Suramericana, que da lugar a la ocurrencia de sismos a profundidades intermedias (70 – 200 km). Para el desarrollo de este trabajo, se tuvo en cuenta un total de 1223 sismos ocurridos en el departamento de Santander – Colombia; entre los 6° - 8° N y 72° - 74°W, en el periodo de Enero de 2012 y Junio de 2016 registrados por las estaciones sísmicas de la Red Sismológica Nacional de Colombia (RSNC) distribuidas a lo largo de todo el país. De estos eventos se utilizaron 1138 los cuales cumplían con una serie de parámetros asociados al nido sísmico –tales como latitud, longitud y profundidad – para generar un primer modelo de velocidades 1D, en el que se asumió una homogeneidad lateral y solo se tuvo en cuenta la variación de la velocidad a profundidad. Finalmente, se generó el modelo de velocidades cuasi 3D, es decir, un modelo por capas horizontales a distintas profundidades, con variación lateral en cada plano, con el cuál se determinaron dos anomalías que se hacen más evidentes a partir de los 30 kilómetros de profundidad: la primera es una anomalía negativa que se encuentra posiblemente asociada a la fusión parcial del magma, y la segunda, es una anomalía positiva que se interpreta como asociada a la cristalización del magma.Seismic tomography is a set of techniques used to obtain an image of velocity filds inside the Earth, using waves measurements. In this work, this technique was used to generate a quasi-3D velocity model of the P wave of Bucaramanga’s nest zone –a highly seismic zone in Colombia caused by the collision of the Caribbean and Nazca Plates under the South American plate, able to generate intermediate earthquakes (70 – 200km). For this research, 1223 earthquakes recorded by the seismic stations of “National Seismological Network of Colombia” were analyzed. They all occurred in Santander, Colombia, within 6° - 8°N and 72° - 74°W recorded from January 2012 to June 2016. Only 1138 events that met the seismic nest parameters –like latitude, longitude and depth – were used to generate a fist 1D velocity model where only depth velocity variations were considered. Furthermore, a quasi-3D model with both horizontal layers of different depths and lateral variations was generated. Results show two continuous anomalies in the study zone: the first one, a negative one interpreted as partial melt of magma and, the second one, a positive anomaly interpreted to magma crystallization

Reevaluation of the Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum genomes reveals misassembly, karyotype differences, and chromosomal rearrangements

Neospora caninum primarily infects cattle, causing abortions, with an estimated impact of a billion dollars on the worldwide economy annually. However, the study of its biology has been unheeded by the established paradigm that it is virtually identical to its close relative, the widely studied human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. By revisiting the genome sequence, assembly, and annotation using third-generation sequencing technologies, here we show that the N. caninum genome was originally incorrectly assembled under the presumption of synteny with T. gondii. We show that major chromosomal rearrangements have occurred between these species. Importantly, we show that chromosomes originally named Chr VIIb and VIII are indeed fused, reducing the karyotype of both N. caninum and T. gondii to 13 chromosomes. We reannotate the N. caninum genome, revealing more than 500 new genes. We sequence and annotate the nonphotosynthetic plastid and mitochondrial genomes and show that although apicoplast genomes are virtually identical, high levels of gene fragmentation and reshuffling exist between species and strains. Our results correct assembly artifacts that are currently widely distributed in the genome database of N. caninum and T. gondii and, more importantly, highlight the mitochondria as a previously oversighted source of variability and pave the way for a change in the paradigm of synteny, encouraging rethinking the genome as basis of the comparative unique biology of these pathogens.INIA: FSSA_X_2014_1_10602

Evaluación de la lectura académica en estudiantes que ingresan a la Educación Superior

Se presenta un instrumento original de evaluación de la comprensión lectora, utilizado en la Prueba de Diagnóstico de Habilidades Comunicativas que se aplicó a los estudiantes que ingresaron a una universidad chilena, en el periodo 2017-2020, con el fin de determinar su nivel de comprensión lectora, aplicada a textos académicos, al momento de comenzar los estudios superiores. Esta prueba de diagnóstico se elaboró de acuerdo con un modelo que distingue tres grandes habilidades de lectura, desglosadas en resultados de aprendizaje más específicos, que abarcan desde la localización de información literal hasta evaluación de forma y contenido textual. Los resultados muestran que un grupo importante de los jóvenes evaluados no tiene un nivel satisfactorio de lectura académica y presenta dificultades para responder ítems que evaluaban tareas de lectura implícita de nivel superior, como relaciones entre párrafos, inferencias e interpretación de propósitos comunicativos. Se concluye que son necesarias medidas que fomenten la lectura académica de los estudiantes que ingresan a la educación superior, especialmente la extracción de información no explícita a través de la lectura comprensiva, pues esta habilidad está directamente vinculada al aprendizaje y a la adquisición de las tradiciones discursivas disciplinare

New insights into phenotype and genotype relationships in Neospora caninum

The successful isolation of four new Neospora caninum strains from different regions and with different backgrounds (obtained from an abortion storm or congenitally infected and asymptomatic calves) allowed us previously to characterize natural isolates, finding differences in phenotype and microsatellites. Given the variability observed, we wondered in this work whether these differences had consequences in virulence, invasion and vertical transmission using cell cultures and murine neosporosis models. In addition, we performed the genomic analysis and SNP comparative studies of the NcURU isolates. The results obtained in this work allowed us to establish that NcURU isolates are of low virulence and have unique phenotypic characteristics. Likewise, sequencing their genomes has allowed us to delve into the genetic singularities underlying these phenotypes, as well as the common mutated genes. This work opens a new perspective for diagnostic purposes and formulating possible vaccines based on attenuated strains

Resilience and stress as predictors of work engagement: the mediating role of self-efficacy in nurses

BackgroundNurses face high levels of stress and work demands, which can affect their work engagement and psychological well-being. Resilience and self-efficacy have been identified as important resources to improve nurses’ adaptation and work engagement.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between resilience and stress on work engagement in Peruvian nurses.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected from a sample of 459 nurses. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure self-efficacy, resilience, stress, and work engagement. SEM analyses were performed to examine the relationship between these variables, and a mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between resilience, stress, and work engagement.ResultsThe results indicated a positive relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and work engagement, as well as a negative relationship between stress and work engagement. Additionally, self-efficacy mediated the relationship between resilience and work engagement, as well as the relationship between stress and work engagement in nurses.ConclusionPersonal resources such as self-efficacy are a key factor in the relationship between resilience (work resources), stress (work demands), and work engagement of Peruvian nurses. Strengthening self-efficacy and resilience can improve work engagement and personal satisfaction of nurses. Hospital administrators and nursing managers should consider the importance of resilience, stress, work engagement, and self-efficacy in registered nurses and develop effective strategies to improve them. This can have a positive impact on the quality of care provided to patients and on the job satisfaction of nurses

Diagnostic investigation of 100 cases of abortion in sheep in Uruguay: 2015-2021

The aim of this work was to identify causes of abortion through laboratory investigations in sheep flocks in Uruguay. One hundred cases of abortion, comprising 58 fetuses, 36 fetuses with their placentas, and 6 placentas were investigated in 2015-2021. Cases were subjected to gross and microscopic pathologic examinations, and microbiological and serological testing for the identification of causes of abortion, including protozoal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. An etiologic diagnosis was determined in 46 (46%) cases, including 33 (33%) cases caused by infectious pathogens, as determined by the detection of a pathogen along with the identification of fetoplacental lesions attributable to the detected pathogen. Twenty-seven cases (27%) were caused by Toxoplasma gondii, 5 (5%) by Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus, and 1 (1%) by an unidentified species of Campylobacter. Fourteen cases (14%) had inflammatory and/or necrotizing fetoplacental lesions compatible with an infectious etiology. Although the cause for these lesions was not clearly identified, T. gondii was detected in 4 of these cases, opportunistic bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Streptococcus sp.) were isolated in 2 cases, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subtype i (BVDV-1i) was detected in another. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 1 (1%) severely autolyzed, mummified fetus. BVDV-2b was identified incidentally in one fetus with an etiologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Microscopic agglutination test revealed antibodies against ≥1 Leptospira serovars in 15/63 (23.8%) fetuses; however, Leptospira was not identified by a combination of qPCR, culture, fluorescent antibody testing nor immunohistochemistry. Neospora caninum, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia pecorum, Coxiella burnetii and border disease virus were not detected in any of the analyzed cases. Death was attributed to dystocia in 13 (13%) fetuses delivered by 8 sheep, mostly from one highly prolific flock. Congenital malformations including inferior prognathism, a focal hepatic cyst, and enterohepatic agenesis were identified in one fetus each, the latter being the only one considered incompatible with postnatal life. Toxoplasmosis, campylobacteriosis and dystocia were the main identified causes of fetal losses. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiologic diagnosis, a systematic laboratory workup in cases of abortion is of value to identify their causes and enables zoonotic pathogens surveillance.INIA: PL_27 N-23398ANII: FCE_3_2018_1_148540ANII: FSA_1_2018_1_15268

Performance of the CMS muon detector and muon reconstruction with proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The CMS muon detector system, muon reconstruction software, and high-level trigger underwent significant changes in 2013-2014 in preparation for running at higher LHC collision energy and instantaneous luminosity. The performance of the modified system is studied using proton-proton collision data at center-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV, collected at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. The measured performance parameters, including spatial resolution, efficiency, and timing, are found to meet all design specifications and are well reproduced by simulation. Despite the more challenging running conditions, the modified muon system is found to perform as well as, and in many aspects better than, previously. We dedicate this paper to the memory of Prof. Alberto Benvenuti, whose work was fundamental for the CMS muon detector.Peer reviewe

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot