A Construction of Quantum LDPC Codes from Cayley Graphs

We study a construction of Quantum LDPC codes proposed by MacKay, Mitchison and Shokrollahi. It is based on the Cayley graph of Fn together with a set of generators regarded as the columns of the parity-check matrix of a classical code. We give a general lower bound on the minimum distance of the Quantum code in $\mathcal{O}(dn^2)$ where d is the minimum distance of the classical code. When the classical code is the $[n, 1, n]$ repetition code, we are able to compute the exact parameters of the associated Quantum code which are $[[2^n, 2^{\frac{n+1}{2}}, 2^{\frac{n-1}{2}}]]$.Comment: The material in this paper was presented in part at ISIT 2011. This article is published in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. We point out that the second step of the proof of Proposition VI.2 in the published version (Proposition 25 in the present version and Proposition 18 in the ISIT extended abstract) is not strictly correct. This issue is addressed in the present versio

Adressage de Nanomédicaments à base de squalène

Les nanoparticules de Gemcitabine-Squalène (Gem-Sq), synthétisées suivant le concept de squalénisation , ont montré des activités anticancéreuses très supérieures à celles obtenues en présence de Gem libre. Néanmoins, leur PEGylation, c est-à-dire leur décoration par du poly(éthylène glycol)-squalène (PEG-Sq) pour augmenter leur temps de demi-vie plasmatique, s est avérée infructueuse du fait d une déstructuration colloïdale. Par ailleurs, aucune stratégie de fonctionnalisation pour effectuer un ciblage actif de cellules cancéreuses, n est à ce jour disponible. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons donc cherché à résoudre ces problèmes. Après une étude bibliographique portant sur la conception de nanoparticules de prodrogues lipidiques, dans le but d établir un constat récent de l état de l art dans ce domaine, nous avons proposé une voie de synthèse pour obtenir des nanoparticules multifonctionnelles (i.e., thérapeutique, fluorescentes et ciblées) à base de Gem-Sq, et ce par co-auto-assemblage des composés conjugués de Rhodamine-Sq, Gem-Sq et Biotin-Sq. Ces nanoparticules ont montré une internalisation plus importante dans les cellules cancéreuses et une meilleure efficacité thérapeutique que les nanoparticules de Gem-Sq non-fonctionnalisées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons apporté une solution au problème de la PEGylation des nanoparticules de Sq via la synthèse et l utilisation de composés conjugués de type Gem-poly(méthacrylate de squalène). Ces prodrogues macromoléculaires ont été synthétisées par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée et plus précisément par la technique RAFT. Les nanoparticules obtenues par auto-assemblage en solution aqueuse sont stables et présentent des activités anticancéreuses importantes sur différentes lignées cellulaires. Leur PEGylation par ajout de Sq-PEG durant la formulation s est avérée possible et n a pas conduit à une déstabilisation colloïdale. Enfin, j ai participé à l élaboration d une nouvelle famille de nanoparticules de prodrogues macromoléculaires qui a consisté à faire croitre de courtes chaines de polyisoprène (PI) à partir de la Gem, donnant ainsi des conjugués de type Gem-PI, capables de s auto-assembler sous la forme de nanoparticules avec une activité anticancéreuse in vitro et in vivo.Gemcitabine-Squalene (Gem-Sq) nanoparticles have been synthesized from the squalenoylation approach and have shown superior anticancer activities compared to those obtained with free Gem. However, their PEGylation, that is their coating with poly(ethylene glycol)-squalene (PEG-Sq) in order to increase their circulation time, has been unsuccessful, leading to colloidal disassembly. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there is not functionalization strategy yet available to perform active targeting against cancer. During this PhD thesis, we have been looking for solutions to tackle these two important problems. After a littérature survey about the design of lipidic prodrug nanoparticles, in order to establish a pretty accurate picture of the domain, we have reported a synthetic approach towards multifunctional Sq-based nanoparticles (i.e., therapeutic, fluorescent and targeted), through the co-self-assembly of the different Sq-based materials; that is Rhodamine-Sq, Gem-Sq and Biotin-Sq. These nanoparticles have demonstrated a greater internalization into cancer cells and a greater therapeutic effect than non-functionalized Gem-Sq nanoparticles. In the next step, we have provided a solution to the PEGylation issue by synthetizing Gem-poly(squalenoyl methacrylate) macromolecular prodrugs. These materials have been prepared by controlled/living radical polymerization and especially the RAFT technique. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited significant anticancer activities against various cancer cells and can be successfully PEGylated by the addition of Sq-PEG during their formulation. Eventually, I have participated to the design of a new family of macromolecular prodrugs obtained from the growing of short polyisoprene (PI) chains from Gem, leading to Gem-PI nanoparticles after self-assembly of Gem-PI. The nanoparticles led to significant anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Protein-Functionalized Nanoparticles Derived from End-Functional Polymers and Polymer Prodrugs for Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier

International audienc

Time-budget and location of activities in the paddock can be estimated from GPS-data

Time-budget and location of activities in the paddock can be estimated from GPS-data. 10. International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores (ISNH

A new species in the tree genus Polyceratocarpus (Annonaceae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania

Polyceratocarpus askhambryan-iringae, an endemic tree species of Annonaceae from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania, is described and illustrated. The new species is identified as a member of the genus Polyceratocarpus by the combination of staminate and bisexual flowers, axillary inflorescences, subequal outer and inner petals, and multi-seeded monocarps with pitted seeds. From Polyceratocarpus scheffleri, with which it has previously been confused, it differs in the longer pedicels, smaller and thinner petals, shorter bracts, and by generally smaller, less curved monocarps that have a clear stipe and usually have fewer seeds. Because Polyceratocarpus askhambryan-iringae has a restricted extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and ongoing degradation of its forest habitat, we recommend classification of it as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List

Chain transfer to solvent in the radical polymerization of structurally diverse acrylamide monomers using straight-chain and branched alcohols as solvents

Chain transfer to solvent in conventional radical polymerizations of N-tert-butylacrylamide (TBAM) and N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl) acrylamide (MEA) in a range of alcohol solvents is investigated. Mayo analysis of polymerization of TBAM in linear alcohols (C-3-C-9) resulted in an approximately linear increase in chain transfer to solvent constant (C-tr,(S)) with the number of methylene (CH2) units in the solvent. The branched alcohol 3-methyl-3-pentanol gave the smallest C-tr,C-S (using Mayo analysis), and thus allowed attainment of higher molecular weights (MWs) in the nitroxide-mediated polymerizations (NMP) of TBAM. Overall, the data show that MEA is more prone to chain transfer to solvent than TBAM (higher C-tr,C-S), and further analysis of the conventional radical polymerization of MEA in 3-methyl-3-pentanol indicate chain transfer to monomer may also be occurring. The first controlled/ living polymerizations of MEA are detailed with chain transfer having a greater impact on maximum achievable MWs in NMP in comparison to TBAM

Drug-Initiated Synthesis of Cladribine-Based Polymer Prodrug Nanoparticles: Biological Evaluation and Structure Activity Relationships

International audienceBy using two reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques, either nitroxide-mediated polymerization or reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, the "drug-initiated" approach was applied to cladribine (CdA) as an anticancer drug to synthesize small libraries of well-defined and self-stabilized CdA-based polymer prodrug nanoparticles, differing from the nature and the molar mass of the grown polymer, and the nature of the linker between CdA and the polymer, thus allowing structure-cytotoxicity relationships to be determined. Their biological evaluation was investigated in vitro on L1210 cancer cells. The preparation of fluorescent CdA-based nanoparticles with excellent imaging ability was also reported by applying the "drug-initiated" approach to an aggregation-induced emission-active dye

Generation of Ultra-stable Pickering Microbubbles via Poly alkylcyanoacrylates

A range of solution conditions (pH, surfactant concentration and type) have been tested for the polymerization of alkyl cyanoacrylates (ethyl (ECA), butyl (BCA) and octyl (OCA)) into nanoparticles (NPs) potentially capable of stabilizing highly unstable microbubbles (MBs) of air in aqueous solutions. The optimum system was butyl cyanoacrylate (BCA) polymerized into PBCA particles at pH 4 in the presence of 1 wt.% Tyloxapol surfactant. These PBCA particles were highly effective at stabilizing MBs of only a few microns in size for at least 2 months. Microscopy over a range of length scales clearly indicated that these particles were stabilized via a Pickering mechanism. Only a relatively low volume fraction (ca. 1 vol.%) of MBs could be obtained via a single aeration step of a 0.7 wt.% dispersion of PBCA particles in a high shear mixer. Although this could be increased to 2 and 3 vol.% by second and third aerations, this reflects the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining rapid enough particle coverage of small bubbles even under turbulent conditions. Similar sizes and yields of PBCA particles could be obtained in the absence of surfactants, but these particles, with or without addition of surfactant afterwards, could not stabilize MBs. We estimate that approximately one quarter of the Tyloxapol when present during polymerization is incorporated into the particles on polymerization, which somehow imparts the correct surface hydrophobicity and contact angle to the particles at the A/W interface, making such particles so very effective as Pickering MB stabilizers

A relevant in vitro rat model for the evaluation of blood-brain barrier translocation of nanoparticles

Poly(MePEG2000cyanoacrylate-co-hexadecylcyanoacrylate) (PEG-PHDCA) nanoparticles have demonstrated their capacity to reach the rat central nervous system after intravenous injection. For insight into the transport of colloidal systems across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we developed a relevant in vitro rat BBB model consisting of a coculture of rat brain endothelial cells (RBECs) and rat astrocytes. The RBECs used in our model displayed and retained structural characteristics of brain endothelial cells, such as expression of P-glycoprotein, occludin and ZO-1, and immunofluorescence studies showed the specific localization of occludin and ZO1. The high values of transendothelial electrical resistance and low permeability coefficients of marker molecules demonstrated the functionality of this model. The comparative passage of polyhexadecylcyanoacrylate and PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles through this model was investigated, showing a higher passage of PEGylated nanoparticles, presumably by endocytosis. This result was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Thanks to a good in vitro/in vivo correlation, this rat BBB model will help in understanding the mechanisms of nanoparticle translocation and in designing new types of colloidal carriers as brain delivery systems

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests