Contratos de tributos e poder regional: a contribuição dos meios direitos para a formação da elite mercantil paulista na segunda metade do século XVIII

The article aims to investigate the relevance of the tax farming contracts (half duties) charged on the cattle brought from the Portuguese America’s Southern prairies for the process of external differentiation of the merchant elite of São Paulo in the second half of the Eighteenth century, specially its relations concerning alliances and rivalries with other merchant elite’s fractions in the Portuguese colony. O artigo procura analisar a importância dos contratos de tributos cobrados sobre animais conduzidos dos campos meridionais da América portuguesa, denominados meios direitos, para o processo de diferenciação externa da elite mercantil paulista na segunda metade do século XVIII, especialmente com relação às alianças e disputas com outras frações das elites mercantis da colônia. &nbsp

Network of Bee-plant Interactions and Recognition of Key Species in Semideciduous Forest

Bees are the most effective pollinators of native plants, contributing to forest maintenance. Obtaining information about networks of bee-plant interactions is critical for conservation and habitat management of native pollinators. This study aimed to determine the richness of flower-visiting bees in a fragment of Semideciduous Forest (SF) in Uberlândia-MG, identify the plants visited by them and build a network of bee-plant interactions in this fragment. The study was conducted between October 2010 and September 2011 in a transect of 200 meters on the edge of the forest, with monthly collections performed from 8:00 am to 2:30 pm. We constructed the network of bee-plant interactions and calculated the NODF index and betweenness centrality. We collected 70 bee species and 25 plant species. The network of interactions was nested (NODF = 10.97, P = 0:03). Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz & Pav.) O'Donell showed the highest centrality. The nestedness of the network of bee-plant interactions gives it stability, demonstrating its importance to the fragment’s conservation. It is suggested that M. macrocalyx is a key species in this network, since this plant attracted the highest number of bee species and showed the highest centrality, contributing to network cohesion

Biomassa de raízes finas e densidade do comprimento radicular em uma floresta tropical chuvosa de terras baixas e montana, SP, Brasil

Fine roots, <2 mm in diameter, are responsible for water and nutrient uptake and therefore have a central role in carbon, nutrient and water cycling at the plant and ecosystem level. The root length density (RLD), fine root biomass (FRB) and vertical fine root distribution (VRD) in the soil profile have been used as good descriptors of resource-use efficiency and carbon storage in the soil. Along altitudinal gradients, decreases in temperature and radiation inputs (depending on the frequency of fog events) may reduce decomposition rates and nutrient availability what might stimulate plants to invest in fine roots, increasing acquisition of resources. We evaluated the seasonal variation of fine root parameters in a Lowland and Montane forest at the Atlantic Rain Forest. We hypothesized that, due to lower decomposition rates at the Montane site, the FRB and RLD at soil surface will be higher in this altitude, which can maximize the efficiency of resource absorption. FRB and RLD were higher in the Montane forest in both seasons, especially at the 0-5 layer. At the 0-5 soil layer in both sites, RLD increased from dry to wet season independently of variations in FRB. Total FRB in the top 30 cm of the soil at the Lowland site was significantly lower (334 g.m-2 in the dry season and 219 g.m-2 in the wet season) than at the Montane forest (875 and 451 g.m-2 in the dry and wet season, respectively). In conclusion, despite the relevance of FRB to describe processes related to carbon dynamics, the variation of RLD between seasons, independently of variations in FRB, indicates that RLD is a better descriptor for studies characterizing the potential of water and nutrient uptake at the Atlantic Rain Forest. The differences in RLD between altitudes within the context of resource use should be considered in studies about plant establishment, seedling growth and population dynamics at the Atlantic Rain Forest. At the ecosystem level, RLD and it seasonal variations may improve our understanding of the Atlantic rain forest functioning in terms of the biogeochemical fluxes in a possible scenario of climate change and environmental changes.Raízes finas, <2 mm de diâmetro, são as principais responsáveis pela absorção de água e nutrientes e, portanto, têm um papel central nos ciclos carbono, água e nutrientes, desde o nível da planta até o ecossistêmico. A densidade do comprimento radicular (DCR), a biomassa de raízes finas (BRF) e a distribuição vertical de raízes finas (DVR) no perfil do solo têm sido utilizados como bons descritores da eficiência no uso de recursos e de estocagem de carbono no solo. Ao longo de gradientes altitudinais, a diminuição da temperatura e da radiação solar (dependendo da frequência de eventos de neblina) podem reduzir as taxas de decomposição e disponibilidade de nutrientes, o que poderia estimular o aumento do investimento das raízes finas para maximizar a absorção de água e nutrientes. O presente estudo avaliou a variação sazonal de parâmetros radiculares nas florestas ombrófilas densas de Terras Baixas (FODTB) e Montana (FODM) na Mata Atlântica. A hipótese foi a de que o investimento em BRF e DCR seria maior na FODM, o que poderia maximizar a eficiência na absorção de recursos. A BRF e a DCR foram maiores na FODM em ambas as estações, especialmente na profundidade de 0-5 cm. A BRF total nos primeiros 30 cm de solo na FODTB foi significativamente menor (334 g.m-2 na estação seca e 219 g.m-2 na chuvosa) do que na FODM (875 e 451 g.m-2 nas estações seca e chuvosa, respectivamente). Na profundidade de 0-5 cm em ambas as altitudes, a DCR aumentou da estação seca para chuvosa independentemente de variações na BRF. Apesar da relevância da BRF para descrever processos relacionados à dinâmica de carbono, a variação da DCR entre estações, independente de variações na BRF, indica que a DCR é um melhor descritor para estudos caracterizando o potencial de absorção de água e nutrientes na Floresta Atlântica. As diferenças da DCR entre altitudes dentro do contexto de uso de recursos devem ser consideradas em estudos sobre estabelecimento, crescimento de plântulas e dinâmica de populações na Floresta Atlântica. No nível ecossistêmico, as variações sazonais da DCR podem aumentar nosso entendimento sobre o funcionamento da Floresta Atlântica em termos de fluxos biogeoquímicos em um possível cenário de mudanças climáticas e ambientais.203209Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements : the SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr" R package - designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data - is available from CRAN.Peer reviewe

Updated cardiovascular prevention guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology: 2019

Sem informação113478788

The abolition of the salt monopoly and the architecture of powers in the captaincy of São Paulo 1795-1806

Considered a pillar of the liberal reforms in the Portuguese colonial Empire in the beginning of the 19th Century, the article aims to analyze the end of the salt monopoly from the perspective of the dynamics of the local and regional powers in the captaincy of São Paulo. The study stresses the interests involved in the salt provision and the changes in the power architecture inside the captaincy after the reform of 1801

Uma substituição luminosa: tributação e reforma do Antigo Regime português em D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho ao final do século XVIII

A fiscalidade constituiria um dos principais eixos do reformismo ilustrado português ao final do século XVIII. Os escritos do estadis-ta D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho (1755-1812) apresentam um conjunto rico das ideias de tributação a estabelecerem novas bases de legitimidade para a extração fiscal do exce-dente econômico dos vassalos reinóis e ame-ricanos pelo soberano português. A partir da influência de novas ideias (o liberalismo econômico smithiano e fisiocrata) e de novas práticas do governo absolutista (a adminis-tração ilustrada no Piemonte-Sardenha e na Lombardia austríaca), operarem-se transmu-tações e metamorfoses ao contexto imperial luso-brasileiro que, longe do mero simulacro, apontavam a singularidade colonial em tem-pos críticos nos quais os excessos tributários atuaram frequentemente como estopim de revoluções no Velho e no Novo Mundo

A abolição do estanco do sal e a arquitetura de poderes na Capitania de São Paulo 1795-1806

Considered a pillar of the liberal reforms in the Portuguese colonial Empire in the beginning of the 19th Century, the article aims to analyze the end of the salt monopoly from the perspective of the dynamics of the local and regional powers in the captaincy of São Paulo. The study stresses the interests involved in the salt provision and the changes in the power architecture inside the captaincy after the reform of 1801.Considerada um dos pilares das reformas liberais do Império colonial português ao início do século XIX, o objetivo do artigo é analisar a abolição do estanco do sal a partir da dinâmica dos poderes locais e regional na capitania de São Paulo. O estudo destaca os interesses envolvidos no abastecimento de sal e as mudanças na arquitetura de poderes no interior da capitania decorrentes do encaminhamento da reforma de 1801.

O Conselho Ultramarino e a arrematação dos contratos da América portuguesa: o caso da capitania de São Paulo, 1723-1760

Through the example given by the captaincy of São Paulo, this paper aims to show how the authority to lease tax farming contracts was an essential axis in the architecture of powers of the Portuguese Empire in the age of the king João V. Another objective is to analyze, from the fiscal perspective, how the empire government was built on institutional configurations among varied layers of local, regional and central powers. In specially, we stressed the importance of the regional space of power to regulate negotiation and conflict in the monarchy. The frst section points some economic issues of the captaincy of São Paulo. The second section investigates the swinging movement between the Overseas Council and the Treasury Office (Provedoria) in the captaincy regarding the authority to sell the captaincy’s tax farming contracts. The third section shows the careers of some tax farmers related to the captaincy.Neste trabalho, busca-se indicar, pelo estudo de caso da capitania de São Paulo, como a jurisdição sobre a arrematação dos contratos representava um dos eixos principais na delimitação da arquitetura de poderes no império português na época de dom João V. Outro objetivo é analisar, pela perspectiva fiscal, como o governo do império era formado por configurações institucionais entre diversas camadas do poder local, regional e central, destacando-se este segundo espaço de poder sobre as formas de negociação e conflito na monarquia. A primeira seção aborda alguns aspectos econômicos da capitania de São Paulo. A segunda seção analisa o movimento pendular entre o Conselho Ultramarino e a Provedoria da Fazenda paulista quanto à jurisdição sobre os leilões de venda dos contratos da capitania. Na terceira seção, são apontadas as trajetórias de alguns contratadores vinculados à capitania