Temple Pro Tempore : The Salt Lake City Endowment House

The Salt Lake City Endowment House, built of adobe, was located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. It served as a temporary temple during the construction of the Salt Lake Temple. It was completed in 1855 and razed in 1889. Using original floor plans, photographs, maps, and descriptions by persons who participated in its sacretodal activities, the author recreates its exterior and interior appearance. Floor plans and elevations of the building, prepared especially for the paper, are also included. The events leading to is destruction are chronicled. Finally, the author discusses the building’s influence on subsequent Mormon temple interior design and decoration

\u27A Perfect Estopel\u27 : Selling the Nauvoo Temple

As the Saints prepared to leave Nauvoo, Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve attempted to lease the Nauvoo Temple and sell other Church properties in order to finance the trip west. They hoped to sell the temple and the majority of the buildings to the Catholic Church, but the two groups could not come to an agreement. When Brigham Young left the city, Almon Babbitt, Joseph Heywood, and John Fullmer were left behind to act as trustees. Their difficult task was to settle debts, find purchasers for private properties, sell public buildings and other properties owned by the Church, and to find an appropriate leasor for the temple. They entered into several negotiations to sell or lease the temple, but a satisfactory arrangement was difficult to reach. The trustees were also hampered in the discharge of their duties by legal disputations about the ownership of the temple and other public buildings. Finally, in 1848, arrangements were made to lease the temple to a Mr. Bower of New York. However, before the lease was completed, an arson fire destroyed the building. The burned ruins of the temple and the surrounding grounds were sold to Etienne Cabet for the establishment of a communistic utopian society. Further damage from a tornado made the building irreparable and the surviving walls were knocked down for reasons of safety

West Virginia and Mormonism Rarest Book

The is an account of the Book of Commandments, which was the first monograph published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in 1833. The paper used to print to the book was purchased in Wheeling, (West) Virginia. The book was destroyed in press by a mob and was never completed. However, a limited number of the printed signatures were salvaged and bound. The few surviving, incomplete copies are worth thousands of dollars. The volume is Mormonism\u27s rarest book

Principals and presidents of Marshall University: 1837-2013

Marshall University has been known by three official names, and thirty-nine individuals have guided it as its forty chief administrative officers—one man served as its principal twice. The institution began as Marshall Academy in 1837, was renamed Marshall College in 1858, and finally became Marshall University in 1961. Of the thirty-nine persons who have shepherded the institution during its one-hundred and seventy-five years, thirty-eight were men and one was a woman. Eight men were principals during the Marshall Academy years, and five were teachers who stepped in to keep the academy functioning during critical years, especially the Civil War. It was during these war years that a single woman kept the dream of Marshall alive. After the Civil War there were nine men who held the title of principal during the Marshall College period. In 1907 the title of principal was changed to president, and six men held that title during the rest of the college period. Since becoming a university, thirteen men have held the title of president. Of these thirteen men, two were called acting presidents and two were called interim presidents. Each of these individuals has left his her own mark on Marshall University, whether for only a few months or for decades. Yet it has been difficult to find much information about the lives of many of them. Yes, there are a number of historical studies of the University, both published and unpublished, in which there appear brief biographical sketches of some of them, but the last of these studies was published in the 1980s, more than thirty years ago. There is no single place an interested person can go to find information about these important figures in Marshall’s history. The purpose of this brief paper is to ameliorate that unfortunate situation

Marshall University Chronology

A year-by-year listing of selected important events, from the founding of Marshall University in 1837 to the present. This was developed as part of the University\u27s 175th anniversary

Lubiprostone ameliorates the cystic fibrosis mouse intestinal phenotype

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the <it>CFTR </it>gene that impair the function of CFTR, a cAMP-regulated anion channel. In the small intestine loss of CFTR function creates a dehydrated, acidic luminal environment which is believed to cause an accumulation of mucus, a phenotype characteristic of CF. CF mice have small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, an altered innate immune response, and impaired intestinal transit. We investigated whether lubiprostone, which can activate the CLC2 Cl^-channel, would improve the intestinal phenotype in CF mice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Cftr^tm1UNC</it>(CF) and wildtype (WT) littermate mice on the C57BL/6J background were used. Lubiprostone (10 μg/kg-day) was administered by gavage for two weeks. Mucus accumulation was estimated from crypt lumen widths in periodic acid-Schiff base, Alcian blue stained sections. Luminal bacterial load was measured by qPCR for the bacterial 16<it>S </it>gene. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in fasted mice were assessed using gavaged rhodamine dextran. Gene expression was evaluated by Affymetrix Mouse430 2.0 microarray and qRT-PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Crypt width in control CF mice was 700% that of WT mice (<it>P </it>< 0.001). Lubiprostone did not affect WT crypt width but, unexpectedly, increased CF crypt width 22% (<it>P </it>= 0.001). Lubiprostone increased bacterial load in WT mice to 490% of WT control levels (<it>P </it>= 0.008). Conversely, lubiprostone decreased bacterial overgrowth in CF mice by 60% (<it>P </it>= 0.005). Lubiprostone increased gastric emptying at 20 min postgavage in both WT (<it>P </it>< 0.001) and CF mice (<it>P </it>< 0.001). Lubiprostone enhanced small intestinal transit in WT mice (<it>P </it>= 0.024) but not in CF mice (<it>P </it>= 0.377). Among other innate immune markers, expression of mast cell genes was elevated 4-to 40-fold in the CF intestine as compared to WT, and lubiprostone treatment of CF mice decreased expression to WT control levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results indicate that lubiprostone has some benefits for the CF intestinal phenotype, especially on bacterial overgrowth and the innate immune response. The unexpected observation of increased mucus accumulation in the crypts of lubiprostone-treated CF mice suggests the possibility that lubiprostone increases mucus secretion.</p

Mast Cells and Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in the Cystic Fibrosis Mouse

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) has many effects on the gastrointestinal tract and a common problem in this disease is poor nutrition. In the CF mouse there is an innate immune response with a large influx of mast cells into the muscularis externa of the small intestine and gastrointestinal dysmotility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of mast cells in gastrointestinal dysmotility using the CF mouse (Cftr(tm1UNC), Cftr knockout). METHODOLOGY: Wild type (WT) and CF mice were treated for 3 weeks with mast cell stabilizing drugs (ketotifen, cromolyn, doxantrazole) or were treated acutely with a mast cell activator (compound 48/80). Gastrointestinal transit was measured using gavage of a fluorescent tracer. RESULTS: In CF mice gastric emptying at 20 min post-gavage did not differ from WT, but was significantly less than in WT at 90 min post-gavage. Gastric emptying was significantly increased in WT mice by doxantrazole, but none of the mast cell stabilizers had any significant effect on gastric emptying in CF mice. Mast cell activation significantly enhanced gastric emptying in WT mice but not in CF mice. Small intestinal transit was significantly less in CF mice as compared to WT. Of the mast cell stabilizers, only doxantrazole significantly affected small intestinal transit in WT mice and none had any effect in CF mice. Mast cell activation resulted in a small but significant increase in small intestinal transit in CF mice but not WT mice. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that mast cells are not involved in gastrointestinal dysmotility but their activation can stimulate small intestinal transit in cystic fibrosis

Bedform migration in a mixed sand and cohesive clay intertidal environment and implications for bed material transport predictions

Many coastal and estuarine environments are dominated by mixtures of non-cohesive sand and cohesive mud. The migration rate of bedforms, such as ripples and dunes, in these environments is important in determining bed material transport rates to inform and assess numerical models of sediment transport and geomorphology. However, these models tend to ignore parameters describing the physical and biological cohesion (resulting from clay and extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) in natural mixed sediment, largely because of a scarcity of relevant laboratory and field data. To address this gap in knowledge, data were collected on intertidal flats over a spring-neap cycle to determine the bed material transport rates of bedforms in biologically-active mixed sand-mud. Bed cohesive composition changed from below 2 vol% up to 5.4 vol% cohesive clay, as the tide progressed from spring towards neap. The amount of EPS in the bed sediment was found to vary linearly with the clay content. Using multiple linear regression, the transport rate was found to depend on the Shields stress parameter and the bed cohesive clay content. The transport rates decreased with increasing cohesive clay and EPS content, when these contents were below 2.8 vol% and 0.05 wt%, respectively. Above these limits, bedform migration and bed material transport was not detectable by the instruments in the study area. These limits are consistent with recently conducted sand-clay and sand-EPS laboratory experiments on bedform development. This work has important implications for the circumstances under which existing sand-only bedform migration transport formulae may be applied in a mixed sand-clay environment, particularly as 2.8 vol% cohesive clay is well within the commonly adopted definition of “clean sand”

The concept of transport capacity in geomorphology

The notion of sediment-transport capacity has been engrained in geomorphological and related literature for over 50 years, although its earliest roots date back explicitly to Gilbert in fluvial geomorphology in the 1870s and implicitly to eighteenth to nineteenth century developments in engineering. Despite cross fertilization between different process domains, there seem to have been independent inventions of the idea in aeolian geomorphology by Bagnold in the 1930s and in hillslope studies by Ellison in the 1940s. Here we review the invention and development of the idea of transport capacity in the fluvial, aeolian, coastal, hillslope, débris flow, and glacial process domains. As these various developments have occurred, different definitions have been used, which makes it both a difficult concept to test, and one that may lead to poor communications between those working in different domains of geomorphology. We argue that the original relation between the power of a flow and its ability to transport sediment can be challenged for three reasons. First, as sediment becomes entrained in a flow, the nature of the flow changes and so it is unreasonable to link the capacity of the water or wind only to the ability of the fluid to move sediment. Secondly, environmental sediment transport is complicated, and the range of processes involved in most movements means that simple relationships are unlikely to hold, not least because the movement of sediment often changes the substrate, which in turn affects the flow conditions. Thirdly, the inherently stochastic nature of sediment transport means that any capacity relationships do not scale either in time or in space. Consequently, new theories of sediment transport are needed to improve understanding and prediction and to guide measurement and management of all geomorphic systems