Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of considerable concern due to their well-recognised toxicity and especially due to the carcinogenic hazard which they present. PAHs are semi-volatile and therefore partition between vapour and condensed phases in the atmosphere and both the vapour and particulate forms undergo chemical reactions. This article briefly reviews the current understanding of vapour-particle partitioning of PAHs and the PAH deposition processes, and in greater detail, their chemical reactions. PAHs are reactive towards a number of atmospheric oxidants, most notably the hydroxyl radical, ozone, the nitrate radical (NO3) and nitrogen dioxide. Rate coefficient data are reviewed for reactions of lower molecular weight PAH vapour with these species as well as for heterogeneous reactions of higher molecular weight compounds. Whereas the data for reactions of the 2-3-ring PAH vapour are quite extensive and generally consistent, such data are mostly lacking for the 4-ring PAHs and the heterogeneous rate data (5 and more rings), which are dependent on the substrate type and reaction conditions, are less comprehensive. The atmospheric reactions of PAH lead to the formation of oxy and nitro derivatives, reviewed here, too. Finally, the capacity of PAHs for long range transport and the results of numerical model studies are described. Research needs are identified

Portfolio of Academic, Therapeutic Practice and Research Work - Including an investigation of trauma therapy in a landscape of suffering: Towards a grounded theory

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Portfolio of Academic, Therapeutic Practice and Research Work Including an Investigation of Trauma Therapy in a Landscape of Suffering: Towards a Grounded Theory.

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The purchaser-provider split in principle and practice : experiences from Sweden

In the public sector, market-inspired organisation, control and accounting, along with business-like relationships between organisational units, usually goes under the name of New Public Management (NPM). One organisational form associated with NPM is the purchaser-provider split. The model was first used in Sweden by county councils at the end of the 1980s. It was considered to be an effective and democratic method for managing Swedish health care. Over the past few years, researchers in many countries have begun doubting the model's suitability and whether it has really been used in the way that was intended. However, the model is still popular in the Swedish health care sector. This article presents the effects of the purchaser-provider split found in Swedish studies. These effects are compared to the anticipated effects when the model was launched, and the effects of the purchaser-provider split in Britain. The aim of this article is to explore the effects of the purchaser-provider split in practice.</p

Translating social sustainability into practice an illusion of control

The purpose of this paper is to understand why and how the concept of social sustainability evolves over time by generating a gap between the initially desired strategy and the daily practices at the city level. An extensive ethnographic study was conducted within the city of Gothenburg. Through the lens of Actor Network Theory, findings reveal that the translation of a city strategy aimed at ensuring social sustainability depends on how the actors involved at various organisational levels interpret the concept of social sustainability and work to translate it into performance measurement practices. Such translation takes different directions and may lead to a transformation of the concept itself that becomes foggier, and thus less measurable, over time

Translating sustainable and smart city strategies into performance measurement systems

This paper shows how sustainable and smart strategies can be implemented in cities and how these strategies influence, and are influenced by, performance measurement systems. Drawing upon the Foucauldian notion of governmentality, the authors present the case of Gothenburg in Sweden, where they interviewed the key actors involved in a new sustainability strategy. Translating strategy into performance measurement systems requires collaboration across organizational boundaries and considerations of financial goals and social and human aspects