Individualidade e desenvolvimento moral em J. S. Mill

O fio condutor dos argumentos apresentados por J. S. Mill em On Liberty é de que o aperfeiçoamento da humanidade tem como fonte infalível e permanente o espírito da liberdade. Nosso objetivo é mostrar que o conceito de liberdade milliana se equilibra entre a promoção do cultivo da individualidade, na sua mais ampla pluralidade, e o desenvolvimento moral da sociedade.The guiding thread of the arguments presented by J. S. Mill in On Liberty is that the development of humanity has its infallible and permanent source in the spirit of freedom. Our objective is to show that the Millian concept of freedom is balanced between the individuality’s cultivation, in its widest plurality, and the moral development of the society

A tirania da maioria segundo J. S. Mill

Abstract: The article aims to discuss the arguments against the tyranny of the majority exposed in the book On Liberty (1859) by John Stuart Mill. First, we will investigate the harm principle, defended by Mill in his concept of liberty, according to which one can only interfere in the liberty of any individual to guarantee, individually or collectively, self-defense. Next, we will analyze the relationship between this principle and Mill's criticism of the tyranny of the majority. In this way, we will explore how the imposition of the majority rule on individualities is an obstacle to the development and liberty of human beings. In short, we intend to examine, from Mill's political thought, the extent to which government and civil society intervention, supported by the rule of the majority, affects individuals' freedom of choice and action.O artigo tem como objetivo a discussão dos argumentos contra a tirania da maioria expostos no livro On Liberty (1859) de John Stuart Mill. Primeiramente, investigaremos o princípio de dano, defendido por Mill em seu conceito de liberdade, segundo o qual só se pode interferir na liberdade de qualquer indivíduo para garantir, individual ou coletivamente, a autodefesa. Em seguida, analisaremos a relação desse princípio com a crítica que Mill faz à tirania da maioria. Dessa forma, exploraremos como a imposição da regra da maioria sobre as individualidades é um entrave para o desenvolvimento e a liberdade dos seres humanos. Em suma, pretendemos examinar, a partir do pensamento político de Mill, em que medida a intervenção do governo e da sociedade civil, apoiada na regra da maioria, afeta a liberdade de escolha e de ação dos indivíduos

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Incubation Temperature during Fetal Development Influences Morphophysiological Characteristics and Preferred Ambient Temperature of Chicken Hatchlings - Fig 1

<p>A) Average eggshell temperature from day 13 to hatching in the LT (36°C), CK (37.5°C) and HT (39°C) treatments. B) Mean differences between eggshell and incubator air temperature from day 13 to 21 of incubation in the LT (36°C), CK (37.5°C) and HT (39°C) treatments. *Indicates a difference between means (<i>P</i> < 0.05); reported values represent the means ± SD (n = 10 eggs/treatment).</p

Feathering characteristics of hatchlings obtained from eggs exposed to low (LT, 36°C), control (CK, 37.5°C) or high (HT, 39°C) temperature treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).

<p>Feathering characteristics of hatchlings obtained from eggs exposed to low (LT, 36°C), control (CK, 37.5°C) or high (HT, 39°C) temperature treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).</p

Skin histological sections of broiler hatchlings submitted to low (LT, 36°C, A and D), control (CK, 37.5°C, B and E) or heat (HT, 39°C, C and F) incubation treatments during fetal development.

<p>A-C) Neck skin thickness was lower in the heat (C) than in cold and control treatments (A and B, respectively). D-F) Blood vessels perimeter increased with incubation temperature. e: epidermis. d: dermis. Black arrows indicate cross sections of blood vessels. Red double arrows indicate skin thickness.</p

Body surface and rectal temperatures of hatchlings obtained from eggs exposed to low temperature (LT; 36°C), control temperature (CK, 37.5°C) or high temperature (HT, 39°C) treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).

<p>Body surface and rectal temperatures of hatchlings obtained from eggs exposed to low temperature (LT; 36°C), control temperature (CK, 37.5°C) or high temperature (HT, 39°C) treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).</p

Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T₃, ng/ml), thyroxine (T₄, ng/ml), T3/T4 ratio and growth hormone (GH, ng/ml) of hatchlings obtained from eggs exposed to low (LT, 36°C), control (CK, 37.5°C) or high (HT, 39°C) temperature treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation.

<p>* Indicates a difference between means (<i>P</i> < 0.05); values represent the means ± SD (n = 24 chicks/treatment).</p

Skin, epidermis and dermis thickness (μm) and blood vessel number (counts per field) and perimeter (μm) of chicks obtained from eggs exposed to low (LT, 36°C), control (CK, 37.5°C) or high (HT, 39°C) temperature treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).

<p>Skin, epidermis and dermis thickness (μm) and blood vessel number (counts per field) and perimeter (μm) of chicks obtained from eggs exposed to low (LT, 36°C), control (CK, 37.5°C) or high (HT, 39°C) temperature treatments from day 13 to 21 of incubation (means ± SD).</p