A Naturally Occurring Bovine Tauopathy Is Geographically Widespread in the UK

Many human neurodegenerative diseases are associated with hyperphosphorylation and widespread intra-neuronal and glial associated aggregation of the microtubule associated protein tau. In contrast, animal tauopathies are not reported with only senescent animals showing inconspicuous tau labelling of fine processes albeit significant tau aggregation may occur in some experimental animal disease. Since 1986, an idiopathic neurological condition of adult cattle has been recognised in the UK as a sub-set of cattle slaughtered as suspect bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases. This disorder is characterised by brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and degeneration with variable hippocampal sclerosis and spongiform change. Selected cases of idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis (IBNC) were identified from archive material and characterised using antibodies specific to several tau hyperphosphorylation sites or different isoforms of the tau microtubule binding region. Labelling was also carried out for alpha synuclein, ubiquitin, TDP43, Aβ 1-42, Aβ 1-40. Widespread tau labelling was identified in all IBNC brains examined and with each of seven tau antibodies recognising different hyperphosphorylated sites. Labelling with each antibody was associated with dendrites, neuronal perikarya and glia. Thus IBNC is a sporadic, progressive neurological disease predominantly affecting aged cattle that occurs throughout the UK and is associated with hyperphosphorylation of tau, a rare example of a naturally-occurring tauopathy in a non-primate species. Secondary accumulation of alpha synuclein and ubiquitin was also present. The neuropathology does not precisely correspond with any human tauopathy. The cause of IBNC remains undetermined but environmental factors and exposure to agrochemicals needs to be considered in future aetiological investigations

The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science

The Generation Challenge programme (GCP) is a global crop research consortium directed toward crop improvement through the application of comparative biology and genetic resources characterization to plant breeding. A key consortium research activity is the development of a GCP crop bioinformatics platform to support GCP research. This platform includes the following: (i) shared, public platform-independent domain models, ontology, and data formats to enable interoperability of data and analysis flows within the platform; (ii) web service and registry technologies to identify, share, and integrate information across diverse, globally dispersed data sources, as well as to access high-performance computational (HPC) facilities for computationally intensive, high-throughput analyses of project data; (iii) platform-specific middleware reference implementations of the domain model integrating a suite of public (largely open-access/-source) databases and software tools into a workbench to facilitate biodiversity analysis, comparative analysis of crop genomic data, and plant breeding decision making

Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder of aging. The pathological hallmark of PD is neuronal inclusions termed Lewy bodies whose main component is alpha-synuclein protein. The finding of these Lewy bodies in the intestinal enteric nerves led to the hypothesis that the intestine might be an early site of PD disease in response to an environmental toxin or pathogen. One potential mechanism for environmental toxin(s) and proinflammatory luminal products to gain access to mucosal neuronal tissue and promote oxidative stress is compromised intestinal barrier integrity. However, the role of intestinal permeability in PD has never been tested. We hypothesized that PD subjects might exhibit increased intestinal permeability to proinflammatory bacterial products in the intestine. To test our hypothesis we evaluated intestinal permeability in subjects newly diagnosed with PD and compared their values to healthy subjects. In addition, we obtained intestinal biopsies from both groups and used immunohistochemistry to assess bacterial translocation, nitrotyrosine (oxidative stress), and alpha-synuclein. We also evaluated serum markers of endotoxin exposure including LPS binding protein (LBP). Our data show that our PD subjects exhibit significantly greater intestinal permeability (gut leakiness) than controls. In addition, this intestinal hyperpermeability significantly correlated with increased intestinal mucosa staining for E. coli bacteria, nitrotyrosine, and alpha-synuclein as well as serum LBP levels in PD subjects. These data represent not only the first demonstration of abnormal intestinal permeability in PD subjects but also the first correlation of increased intestinal permeability in PD with intestinal alpha-synuclein (the hallmark of PD), as well as staining for gram negative bacteria and tissue oxidative stress. Our study may thus shed new light on PD pathogenesis as well as provide a new method for earlier diagnosis of PD and suggests potential therapeutic targets in PD subjects.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01155492

Seed germination and seedling development ecology in world-wide populations of a circumboreal Tertiary relict

Ecological traits of the circumboreal plant Viburnum opulus were examined to improve understanding of the variation of populations occurring in the same biome but on different continents. Seedling development/emergence is shown to be highly similar but some degree of variation was present in other traits, among populations

Study Protocol PROMETHEUS:Prospective Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Correlation Between Safety Margin and Local Recurrence After Thermal Ablation Using Image Co-registration in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: The primary objective is to determine the minimal ablation margin required to achieve a local recurrence rate of 18 years with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A hepatocellular carcinoma (or B with a maximum of two lesions < 5 cm each) are eligible. Patients will undergo dual-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography directly before and after ablation. Ablation margins will be quantitatively assessed using co-registration software, blinding assessors (i.e. two experienced radiologists) for outcome. Presence and location of recurrence are evaluated independently on follow-up scans by two other experienced radiologists, blinded for the quantitative margin analysis. A sample size of 189 tumors (~ 145 patients) is required to show with 80% power that the risk of local recurrence is confidently below 10%. A two-sided binomial z-test will be used to test the null hypothesis that the local recurrence rate is ≥ 10% for patients with a minimal ablation margin ≥ 2 mm. Logistic regression will be used to find the relationship between minimal ablation margins and local recurrence. Kaplan–Meier estimates are used to assess local and overall recurrence, disease-free and overall survival. Discussion: It is expected that this study will result in a clear understanding of the correlation between ablation margins and local recurrence. Using co-registration software in future patients undergoing ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma may improve intraprocedural evaluation of technical success. Trial registration The Netherlands Trial Register (NL9713), https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/9713

Distribution of misfolded prion protein seeding activity alone does not predict regions of neurodegeneration

Protein misfolding is common across many neurodegenerative diseases, with misfolded proteins acting as seeds for "prion-like" conversion of normally folded protein to abnormal conformations. A central hypothesis is that misfolded protein accumulation, spread and distribution is restricted to specific neuronal populations of the central nervous system and thus predict regions of neurodegeneration. We examined this hypothesis using a highly sensitive assay system for detection of misfolded protein seeds in a murine model of prion disease. Misfolded prion protein seeds were observed widespread throughout the brain accumulating in all brain regions examined irrespective of neurodegeneration. Importantly neither time of exposure nor amount of misfolded protein seeds present determined regions of neurodegeneration. We further demonstrate two distinct microglia responses in prion infected brains, a 11 novel homeostatic response in all regions and an innate immune response restricted to sites of 12 neurodegeneration. Therefore accumulation of misfolded prion protein alone does not define targeting 13 of neurodegeneration which instead results only when misfolded prion protein accompanies a specific 14 innate immune response

Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease

The purpose of this study was to use serial imaging to gain insight into the sequence of pathologic events in Alzheimer's disease, and the clinical features associated with this sequence. We measured change in amyloid deposition over time using serial 11C Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) positron emission tomography and progression of neurodegeneration using serial structural magnetic resonance imaging. We studied 21 healthy cognitively normal subjects, 32 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 8 with Alzheimer's disease. Subjects were drawn from two sources—ongoing longitudinal registries at Mayo Clinic, and the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). All subjects underwent clinical assessments, MRI and PIB studies at two time points, approximately one year apart. PIB retention was quantified in global cortical to cerebellar ratio units and brain atrophy in units of cm3 by measuring ventricular expansion. The annual change in global PIB retention did not differ by clinical group (P = 0.90), and although small (median 0.042 ratio units/year overall) was greater than zero among all subjects (P < 0.001). Ventricular expansion rates differed by clinical group (P < 0.001) and increased in the following order: cognitively normal (1.3 cm3/year) <  amnestic mild cognitive impairment (2.5 cm3/year) <  Alzheimer's disease (7.7 cm3/year). Among all subjects there was no correlation between PIB change and concurrent change on CDR-SB (r = −0.01, P = 0.97) but some evidence of a weak correlation with MMSE (r =−0.22, P = 0.09). In contrast, greater rates of ventricular expansion were clearly correlated with worsening concurrent change on CDR-SB (r = 0.42, P < 0.01) and MMSE (r =−0.52, P < 0.01). Our data are consistent with a model of typical late onset Alzheimer's disease that has two main features: (i) dissociation between the rate of amyloid deposition and the rate of neurodegeneration late in life, with amyloid deposition proceeding at a constant slow rate while neurodegeneration accelerates and (ii) clinical symptoms are coupled to neurodegeneration not amyloid deposition. Significant plaque deposition occurs prior to clinical decline. The presence of brain amyloidosis alone is not sufficient to produce cognitive decline, rather, the neurodegenerative component of Alzheimer's disease pathology is the direct substrate of cognitive impairment and the rate of cognitive decline is driven by the rate of neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration (atrophy on MRI) both precedes and parallels cognitive decline. This model implies a complimentary role for MRI and PIB imaging in Alzheimer's disease, with each reflecting one of the major pathologies, amyloid dysmetabolism and neurodegeneration

Toward Defining the Preclinical Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease

The pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin many years before the diagnosis of AD dementia. This long "preclinical" phase of AD would provide a critical opportunity for therapeutic intervention; however, we need to further elucidate the link between the pathological cascade of AD and the emergence of clinical symptoms. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association convened an international workgroup to review the biomarker, epidemiological, and neuropsychological evidence, and to develop recommendations to determine the factors which best predict the risk of progression from "normal" cognition to mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. We propose a conceptual framework and operational research criteria, based on the prevailing scientific evidence to date, to test and refine these models with longitudinal clinical research studies. These recommendations are solely intended for research purposes and do not have any clinical implications at this time. It is hoped that these recommendations will provide a common rubric to advance the study of preclinical AD, and ultimately, aid the field in moving toward earlier intervention at a stage of AD when some disease-modifying therapies may be most efficacious

Phytoplankton evolution during the creation of a biofloc system for shrimp culture

[EN] Microalgae play a key role in the dynamics of biofloc technology aquaculture systems. Some phytoplankton groups, such as diatoms, are desired for their high nutritional value and contribution to water quality. Other groups, such as cyanobacteria, are undesired because of their low nutritional value and capacity of producing toxins. So, monitoring the phytoplankton community structure and succession is key for managing biofloc systems. However, research on phytoplankton in these systems is scarce and mostly done by microscopy. The primary objective of this research was to estimate phytoplankton community structure in shrimp biofloc system water samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography methods and CHEMTAX software. The major groups present in our system were diatoms, euglenophytes, cyanobacteria and chlorophytes, while dinoflagellates were only remarkable at the initial period. We observed a clear dominance of diatoms all along the 5 months that comprised a complete biofloc system culture. The characteristic succession of autotrophic processes by heterotrophs of the biofloc systems, was observed by the reduction of net primary production. Light intensity played a key role in determining the phytoplankton composition and abundance. Algal pigment analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography and subsequent CHEMTAX analysis in water samples was useful for estimating the phytoplankton community structure in the biofloc systems. However, we found some limitations when the biofloc system was in heterotrophic mode. Under these conditions, some dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria behaved as heterotrophs and lost or decreased their biomarkers pigments. So, further research is needed to increase knowledge on the accuracy of high-performance liquid chromatography /CHEMTAX under these conditions.Financial support for this research was provided by Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport of the Generalitat Valenciana, through the program VALi+D, fle number ACIF/2014/244. We would like to express our deepest thanks to Professor Luis Henrique da Silva Poersch of FURG (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande) and Ivan Vidal (Langostinos el Real) for his support. Finally, the authors wish to thank Le Gouessant and Michaël Metz for providing the commercial feed.Llario-Sempere, F.; Rodilla, M.; Escrivá-Perales, J.; Falco, S.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2018). Phytoplankton evolution during the creation of a biofloc system for shrimp culture. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1655-5S112Ahmed A, Kurian S, Gauns M, Chndrasekhararao AV, Mulla A, Naik B, Naik H, Naqvi SWA (2016) Spatial variability in phytoplankton community structure along the eastern Arabian Sea during the onset of south-west monsoon. Cont Shelf Res 119:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.005Avnimelech Y (1999) Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176:227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-XAvnimelech Y (2007) Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture 264:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025Avnimelech Y (2009) Biofloc technology. A practical guide book. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton RougeAzim ME, Little DC (2008) The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 283:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036Ballester ELC, Abreu PC, Cavalli RO, Emerenciano M, de Abreu L, Wasielesky WJ (2010) Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquac Nutr 16:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.xBaloi M, Arantes R, Schveitzer R, Magnotti C, Vinatea L (2013) Performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure. Aquac Eng 52:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.07.003Baumgarten MGZ, Wallner-Kersanach M, Niencheski LFH (2010) Manual de análises em oceanografia química. Furg, Rio GrandeBecerra-Dórame MJ, Martínez-Córdova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, Lopez-Elías JA (2011) Evaluation of autotrophic and heterotrophic microcosm- based systems on the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei intensively nursed without Artemia and with zero water exchange. Isr J Aquac Bamidgeh 63:7Brito LO, dos Santos IGS, de Abreu JL, de Araújo MT, Severi W, Gàlvez AO (2016) Effect of the addition of diatoms (Navicula spp.) and rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) on water quality and growth of the Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in a biofloc system. Aquac Res 47:3990–3997. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12849Campa-Córdova AI, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Luna-González A, Romero-Geraldo MJ, Ascencio F (2009) Superoxide dismutase activity in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei and Nodipecten subnodosus exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 149:317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.006Casé M, Leça EE, Leitão SN, SantAnna EE, Schwamborn R, de Moraes Junior AT (2008) Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008Chen YC (2001) Immobilized microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta, Chlorococcales) for long-term storage and for application for water quality control in fish culture. Aquaculture 195:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00540-8Correia ES, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC, Wei L, Prangnell DI, Samocha TM (2014) Intensive nursery production of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in a biofloc-dominated system. Aquac Eng 59:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.02.002Duarte CM, Marrasé C, Vaqué D, Estrada M (1990) Counting error and the quantitative analysis of phytoplankton communities. J Plankton Res 12:295–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.2.295Ebeling J, Timmons M, Bisogni J (2006) Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257:346–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019El-Dahhar AA, Salama M, Elebiary EH (2015) Effect of energy to protein ratio in biofloc technology on water quality, survival and growth of mullet (Mugil cephalus). J Arab Aquac Soc 10:15–32. https://doi.org/10.12816/0026633Emerenciano MGC, Martínez-Córdova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, Miranda-Baeza A (2017) Biofloc technology (BFT): a tool for water quality management. In: Tutu H (ed) water quality. InTech, Rijeka. https://doi.org/10.5772/66416Figueroa F, Niell F, Figueiras F, Villarino M (1998) Diel migration of phytoplankton and spectral light field in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Mar Biol 130:491–499Gaona CAP, Poersch LH, Krummenauer D, Foes GK, Wasielesky WJ (2011) The effect of solids removal on water quality, growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc technology culture system. Int J Recirc Aquac. https://doi.org/10.21061/ijra.v12i1.1354Garrido JL, Airs RL, Rodríguez F, Van Heukelem L, Zapata M (2011) New HPLC separation techniques. In: Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G (eds) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy, and applications in oceanography. University Press, Cambridge, pp 165–194Ge H, Li J, Chang Z, Chen P, Shen M, Zhao F (2016) Effect of microalgae with semicontinuous harvesting on water quality and zootechnical performance of white shrimp reared in the zero water exchange system. Aquac Eng 72–73:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.006Godoy LC, Odebrecht C, Ballester E, Martins TG, Wasielesky WJ (2012) Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system. Aquac Int 20:559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9485-1Grasshoff K (1976) Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie: Weinstei, New YorkGreen BW, Schrader KK, Perschbacher PW (2014) Effect of stocking biomass on solids, phytoplankton communities, common off-flavors, and production parameters in a channel catfish biofloc technology production system. Aquac Res 45:1442–1458. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12096Gris B, Sforza E, Morosinotto T, Bertucco A, La Rocca N (2017) Influence of light and temperature on growth and high-value molecules productivity from Cyanobacterium aponinum. J Appl Phycol 29:1781–1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1133-3Higgins HW, Wright SW, Schlüter L (2011) Quantitative interpretation of chemotaxonomic pigment data. In: Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G (eds) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy, and applications in oceanography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 257–313Hooker S, Firestone E, Claustre H, Ras J (2001) The first SeaWiFS HPLC analysis round-robin experiment (SeaHARRE-1). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010072242 . Accessed 19 July 2017Horabun T (1997) Relationships between water quality and phytoplankton in the Bangpakong river. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2000001898 . Accessed 19 July 2017Ismael AA (2003) Succession of heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates as well as autotrophic microplankton in the harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. J Plankton Res 25:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.2.193Jeffrey SW, Sielicki M, Haxo FT (1975) Chloroplast pigment patterns in dinoflagellates. J Phycol 11:374–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1975.tb02799.xJeong HJ, Yoo YD, Kim JS, Seong KA, Kang NS, Kim TH (2010) Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Sci J 45:65–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-010-0007-2Jory DE, Cabrera TR, Dugger DM, Fegan D, Lee PG, Lawrence L, Jackson C, Mcintosh R, Castañeda J, International B, Park H, Hwy N, Pierce F (2001) A global review of shrimp feed management: status and perspectives. Aquaculture 318:104–152Ju ZY, Forster I, Conquest L, Dominy W, Kuo WC, Horgen FD (2008) Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles. Aquac Res 39:118–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01856.xKingston MB (1999) Effect of light on vertical migration and photosynthesis of Euglena proxima (euglenophyta). J Phycol 35:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520245.xLatasa M, Scharek R, Vidal M, Vila-Reixach G (2010) Preferences of phytoplankton groups for waters of different trophic status in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 40:27–42. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08559Li Y, Swift E, Buskey EJ (1996) Photoinhibition of mechanically stimulable bioluminescence in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium depressum (pyrrophyta). J Phycol 32:974–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00974.xLi A, Stoecker D, Adolf J (1999) Feeding, pigmentation, photosynthesis and growth of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium galatheanum. Aquat Microb Ecol 19:163–176. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame019163Lin YC, Chen JC (2001) Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 259:109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00227-1Lin YC, Chen JC (2003) Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture 224:93–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00220-5Lohscheider JN, Strittmatter M, Küpper H, Adamska I, Heaney S, Cunningham C (2011) Vertical distribution of epibenthic freshwater cyanobacterial Synechococcus spp. Strains depends on their ability for photoprotection. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020134Lukwambe B, Qiuqian L, Wu J, Zhang D, Wang K, Zheng Z (2015) The effects of commercial microbial agents (probiotics) on phytoplankton community structure in intensive white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture ponds. Aquac Int 23:1443–1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9895-6Mackey MD, Mackey DJ, Higgins HW, Wright SW (1996) CHEMTAX—a program for estimating class abundances from chemical markers: application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 144:265–283Maicá PF, de Borba MR, Wasielesky WJ (2012) Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zero-water-exchange super-intensive system. Aquac Res 43:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02838.xManan H, Moh JHZ, Kasan NA, Suratman S, Ikhwanuddin M (2016) Identification of biofloc microscopic composition as the natural bioremediation in zero water exchange of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, culture in closed hatchery system. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0421-4Marinho YF, Brito LO, Campos S, Severi W, Andrade HA, Galvez AO (2016) Effect of the addition of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Navicula sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatoms) on phytoplankton composition and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae reared in a biofloc system. Aquac Res 48:4155–4164. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13235Martins TG, Odebrecht C, Jensen LV, D’Oca MG, Wasielesky WJ (2016) The contribution of diatoms to bioflocs lipid content and the performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a BFT culture system. Aquac Res 47:1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12592Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5Natrah FMI, Bossier P, Sorgeloos P, Yusoff FM, Defoirdt T (2014) Significance of microalgal-bacterial interactions for aquaculture. Rev Aquac 6:48–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12024Niemi G, Wardrop D, Brooks R, Anderson S, Brady V, Paerl H, Rakocinski C, Brouwer M, Levinson B, McDonald M (2004) Rationale for a new generation of indicators for coastal waters. Environ Health Perspect 112:979–986. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6903Paerl H, Tucker C (1995) Ecology of blue-green algae in aquaculture ponds. J World Aquac 26:109–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00235.xPérez-Linares J, Ochoa JL, GagoMartínez A (2008) Effect of PSP toxins in white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931. J Food Sci 73:T69–T73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00710.xPérez-Morales A, Band-Schmidt CJ, Martínez-Díaz SF (2017) Mortality on zoea stage of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) and Chattonella spp. (Raphidophyceae). Mar Biol 164:57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3083-3Ray AJ, Dillon KS, Lotz JM (2011) Water quality dynamics and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in intensive, mesohaline culture systems with two levels of biofloc management. Aquac Eng 45:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.09.001Schlüter L, Lauridsen T, Krogh G (2006) Identification and quantification of phytoplankton groups in lakes using new pigment ratios–a comparison between pigment analysis by HPLC and microscopy. Freshwater 51:1474–1485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01582.x/fullSchlüter L, Behl S, Striebel M, Stibor H (2016) Comparing microscopic counts and pigment analyses in 46 phytoplankton communities from lakes of different trophic state. Freshw Biol 61:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12803Schrader KK, Green BW, Perschbacher PW (2011) Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquac Eng 45:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.004Sebastiá M, Rodilla M (2013) Nutrient and phytoplankton analysis of a Mediterranean Coastal area. Environ Manage 51:225–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9986-3Sebastiá M, Rodilla M, Sanchis J, Altur V (2012) Influence of nutrient inputs from a wetland dominated by agriculture on the phytoplankton community in a shallow harbour at the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Agric Ecosyst Environ 152:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.006Seoane S, Garmendia M, Revilla M, Borja Á, Franco J, Orive E, Valencia V (2011) Phytoplankton pigments and epifluorescence microscopy as tools for ecological status assessment in coastal and estuarine waters, within the Water Framework. Mar Pollut 62:1484–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.010Sinden A, Sinang SC (2016) Cyanobacteria in aquaculture systems: linking the occurrence, abundance and toxicity with rising temperatures. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:2855–2862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1112-2Sospedra J, Niencheski LFH, Falco S, Andrade CF, Attisano KK, Rodilla M (2017) Identifying the main sources of silicate in coastal waters of the Southern Gulf of Valencia (Western Mediterranean Sea). Oceanologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.07.004Strickland J (1960) Measuring the production of marine phytoplankton. Bull Fish Res Bd Canada 122:172Ter Braak CJF (1994) Canonical community ordination. Part I: basic theory and linear methods. Écoscience 1:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1994.11682237Ter Braak C, Smilauer P (2002) CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5). http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/wever/341885 . Accessed 19 July 2017Utermohl M (1985) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitative Phytoplankton-Methodik. Limnologie 9:1–38Van Wyk P, Scarpa J (1999) Water quality requirements and management. In: Institution Harbor Branch Oceanographic (ed) Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida, pp 128–138Vinatea L, Gálvez AO, Browdy CL, Stokes A, Venero J, Haveman J, Lewis BL, Lawson A, Shuler A, Leffler JW (2010) Photosynthesis, water respiration and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a super-intensive raceway culture with zero water exchange: interaction of water quality variables. Aquac Eng 42:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2009.09.001Wright S, Jeffrey S, Mantoura R (1991) Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77:186–196Yu H, Jia S, Dai Y (2009) Growth characteristics of the cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme in photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. J Appl Phycol 21:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9341-5Yusoff FM, Zubaidah MS, Matias HB, Kwan TS (2002) Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated with a commercial bacterial product. Aquac Res 33:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2002.00671.