Management of risk rights between the investee government and projected company in BOT contract projects

One of the issues that arises in BOT contracts are hazards and risks of the project. Governments tend to give responsibility of risks to investors as much as possible and among BOT benefits for governments and their motivation to use the BOT is to transfer project risks to the project company. In practice, this is a relative matter, and the project company is usually unable to manage project, control and accept all risks of the project, and depending on which country it invests in, it tries to transfer some risks and dangers to the Government or donor state company and other participants in the project in different ways including construction contractors, operators, suppliers of raw materials, product and service buyers and Data Transfer and cover other risks by insurance and in fact take some risks ability which can be controlled and managed

Management of risk rights between the investee government and projected company in BOT contract projects

One of the issues that arises in BOT contracts are hazards and risks of the project. Governments tend to give responsibility of risks to investors as much as possible and among BOT benefits for governments and their motivation to use the BOT is to transfer project risks to the project company. In practice, this is a relative matter, and the project company is usually unable to manage project, control and accept all risks of the project, and depending on which country it invests in, it tries to transfer some risks and dangers to the Government or donor state company and other participants in the project in different ways including construction contractors, operators, suppliers of raw materials, product and service buyers and Data Transfer and cover other risks by insurance and in fact take some risks ability which can be controlled and managed

A study on the successful implementation of infrastructure projects through BOT

The Infrastructure projects have the major role in the development and growth of each country's economic development. In the past, these projects were financed by the government. However, due to population growth and greater demand for constructing and developing these projects and on the other hand an increase in costs and expenses of preparing these projects, government facing lack of funding and public deficits, the necessity of paying attention to the health and education sectors, have made governments to think up a new way for financing the project without public budget. One method of financing is borrowing which was not successful. Another approach is non-borrowing method, which is based on an investment or participating in investment, through which one of its ways is BOT method (building, operating and transferring), whereby, financing and construction of the project will be delegated to private or foreign investors. Successful implementation of this method depends on multiple factors Such as government support, dividing project risks between the parties to the BOT contract, using strong and experienced consortium, caring about priority projects and political, economic and legal stability

Management of risk rights between the investee government and projected company in BOT contract projects

One of the issues that arises in BOT contracts are hazards and risks of the project. Governments tend to give responsibility of risks to investors as much as possible and among BOT benefits for governments and their motivation to use the BOT is to transfer project risks to the project company. In practice, this is a relative matter, and the project company is usually unable to manage project, control and accept all risks of the project, and depending on which country it invests in, it tries to transfer some risks and dangers to the Government or donor state company and other participants in the project in different ways including construction contractors, operators, suppliers of raw materials, product and service buyers and Data Transfer and cover other risks by insurance and in fact take some risks ability which can be controlled and managed

A study on the successful implementation of infrastructure projects through BOT

The Infrastructure projects have the major role in the development and growth of each country's economic development. In the past, these projects were financed by the government. However, due to population growth and greater demand for constructing and developing these projects and on the other hand an increase in costs and expenses of preparing these projects, government facing lack of funding and public deficits, the necessity of paying attention to the health and education sectors, have made governments to think up a new way for financing the project without public budget. One method of financing is borrowing which was not successful. Another approach is non-borrowing method, which is based on an investment or participating in investment, through which one of its ways is BOT method (building, operating and transferring), whereby, financing and construction of the project will be delegated to private or foreign investors. Successful implementation of this method depends on multiple factors Such as government support, dividing project risks between the parties to the BOT contract, using strong and experienced consortium, caring about priority projects and political, economic and legal stability

Finding stability regions for preserving efficiency classification of variable returns to scale technology in data envelopment analysis

This paper addresses issue of sensitivity of efficiency classification of variable returns to scale (VRS) technology for enhancing the credibility of data envelopment analysis (DEA) results in practical applications when an additional decision making unit (DMU) needs to be added to the set being considered. It also develops a structured approach to assisting practitioners in making an appropriate selection of variation range for inputs and outputs of additional DMU so that this DMU be efficient and the efficiency classification of VRS technology remains unchanged. This stability region is simply specified by the concept of defining hyperplanes of production possibility set of VRS technology and the corresponding halfspaces. Furthermore, this study determines a stability region for the additional DMU within which, in addition to efficiency classification, the efficiency score of a specific inefficient DMU is preserved and also using a simulation method, a region in which some specific efficient DMUs become inefficient is provided

Identifying associations between health services operational factors and health experience for patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran

BACKGROUND: Facing limited health resources, healthcare providers need to rely on health service delivery models that produce the best clinical outcomes and patient experience. We aimed to contribute to developing a patient experience-based type 2 diabetes service delivery model by identifying operational structures and processes of care that were associated with clinical outcome, health experience, and service experience. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of type 2 diabetes patients between January 2019 to February 2020. Having adjusted for demand variables, we examined relationships between independent variables (behaviours, services/processes, and structures) and three categories of dependent variables; clinical outcomes (HbA1c and fasting blood glucose), health experience (EuroQol quality of life (EQ-5D), evaluation of quality of life (visual analgene scale of EQ-5D), and satisfaction with overall health status), and service experience (evaluation of diabetes services in comparison with worst and best imaginable diabetes services and satisfaction with diabetes services). We analysed data using multivariate linear regression models using Stata software. RESULTS: After adjusting for demand variables; structures, diabetes-specific health behaviours, and processes explained up to 22, 12, and 9% of the variance in the outcomes, respectively. Based on significant associations between the diabetes service operations and outcomes, the components of an experience-based service delivery model included the structural elements (continuity of care, redistribution of task to low-cost resources, and improved access to provider), behaviours (improved patient awareness and adherence), and process elements (reduced variation in service utilization, increased responsiveness, caring, comprehensiveness of care, and shared decision-making). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the extent of explained variance and identified significant variables, health services operational factors that determine patient-reported outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran were identified, which focus on improving continuity of care and access to providers at the first place, improving adherence to care at the second, and various operational process variables at the third place

Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the suboptimal health status questionnaire among university staff in Iran

Background: Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25) is an established tool for measuring a precision health state between health and illness. The present study aims to assess the validity and reliability of a Persian version of SHSQ-25 (P-SHSQ-25) in a university staff Iranian population. Methods: A sample of 316 academic and supporting staff (163 males, age range from 23 to 64 years old) from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran was recruited in this population-based cross-sectional study with a questionnaire validation from Apri1 to October 2022. Forward-backward translation method was performed for the SHSQ-25 translation from English to Persian. Internal reliability, content, convergence, discriminative and construct validity of the P-SHSQ-25 were examined. The factorial structure of the P-SHSQ-25 across groups was examined using measurement invariant test. Results: In the translation process, the conceptual equivalence of the P-SHSQ-25 with the English version was confirmed. The item-content validity index and content validity ratio of all P-SHSQ-25 items were higher than the cut-off values of 0.70 and 0.62, respectively. Cronbach\u27s was higher than 0.70 for all P-SHSQ-25 domains. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed the fitness of five factors on the data set (comparative fit index = 0.88, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.07). The CFA model fit did not change substantially across sex, age, occupation, economic status, and body mass index ( comparative fit index (CFI) \u3c 0.01). Conclusions: The P-SHSQ-25 can be used as a reliable and valid tool to measure health status for screening pre-chronic disease conditions in a primary care setting among Iranian population

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe