Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Desarrollo de la responsabilidad ambiental a través del juego /

Un CD-Rom (522 KB) gráficas, imágenes, tablas 12 cmSe han observado grandes cambios ambientales que afectan a todas las comunidades; en especial al Gimnasio Juan Pablo II De Acacias, donde se presenta la falta de responsabilidad ambiental en el grado tercero que cuenta con 24 estudiantes. Este proyecto de investigación, analiza que es de gran y vital importancia darle solución a dicho problema; por tal razón el trabajo viene recargado de grandiosas actividades lúdico- pedagógicas; que fueron diseñadas de manera transversal, las cuales permitirán en el educando un gran cambio en la protección, cuidado, y conservación del medio ambiente a nivel educativo, familiar y social. Para el desarrollo de este proyecto se propuso unos objetivos los cuales permiten verificar que existiera dicha problemática y como instrumento de recolección se utilizó la encuesta a los educandos; de tal manera se implementó actividades lúdicas basadas en el juego, para darle solución al problema encontrado en el Gimnasio Juan Pablo II, siendo beneficiarios los estudiantes, docentes, padres de familia, en sí, toda la sociedad educativa.PregradoLicenciado en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Ciencias NaturalesTrabajo de grado(Licenciado en Educación Básica - Ciencias Naturales y Educación Ambiental ) --Corporación Universitaria del Caribe - CECAR. Facultad de Humanidades y Educación Licenciatura en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Ciencias Naturales y Educación Ambiental. Villavicencio, 2015

Semillero de Investigación 2014

El Instituto Unidad de Investigaciones Jurídico-Sociales Gerardo Molina, UNIJUS promueve y apoya el desarrollo e implementación de programas y proyectos de investigación que aporten al conocimiento de la realidad nacional e internacional, de las instituciones jurídicas, políticas y sociales, así como de las teorías jurídicas y políticas que contribuyan a la construcción de nuevas propuestas para la solución de las problemáticas que aquejan la sociedad. Por tal motivo, es fundamental el apoyo constante a la formación de semilleros de investigación en la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Sede Bogotá, así como la consolidación de los semilleros ya existentes. En el año 2014, se desarrolló la Convocatoria No. 074 para la selección de semilleros de Investigación I y II de Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Como resultado de dicho proceso fueron seleccionadas trece propuestas de investigación integradas por un total de 43 estudiantes, quienes a su vez se encontraban vinculados a ocho grupos de investigación.¿Cómo se significan las víctimas del conflicto social y armado colombiano? Reflexiones en el marco de los diálogos de paz de La Habana Pretende identificar las posturas en disputa en torno al significado de “víctima” en el marco de la discusión del punto de víctimas en los Diálogos de paz de La Habana; con el fin de comprender cómo éstos han servido para posicionar una determinada forma de leer el conflicto armado y la paz. En este sentido, se indaga si la disputa por darle significado a las víctimas se ha desarrollado a través de relaciones antagónicas entre diversos actores de la arena política colombiana, gracias a la discusión generada en torno a la diferenciación —tajante o no— que hacen los actores entre víctimas y victimarios. Semillero a cargo del profesor Carlos medina Gallego.Medios de Comunicación, Poder Punitivo y Proceso de paz Hace un análisis de la forma en la cual los medios de comunicación han abordado el tema de las negociaciones de paz, desde la responsabilidad penal de los miembros de la guerrilla de las FARC-EP. Muestra los puntos de vista que han sido favorecidos a través de la clasificación en paz sin impunidad, ampliación del delito político y paz sin responsabilidad penal de las noticias del programa “6:00 am Hoy por Hoy” de Caracol Radio, las presentadas por Noticias RCN en su franja de las 7:00 pm y las publicadas en el periódico El Tiempo. Semillero a cargo del profesor Oscar Mejía QuintanaLa Cumbre Agraria, Campesina, Étnica y Popular y los diálogos de paz de La Habana Analiza la Cumbre Agraria en el contexto de los diálogos de paz de La Habana, para lo cual caracteriza a la Cumbre Agraria como sujeto político; examina las concepciones contrahegemónicas de territorio y paz por parte de la Cumbre Agraria a partir del examen del pliego de exigencias y otras fuentes primarias de información e indaga por las tensiones que los acuerdos de política de desarrollo integral y participación política imponen a la construcción del proyecto político de Cumbre Agraria. Semillero a cargo de la profesora Carolina Jiménez MartínEl papel de los politólogos egresados en el marco del Proceso de Paz y un eventual posconflicto Se aborda la participación de los politólogos en la reparación a las víctimas y la construcción de verdad, identificando cómo se traducen los diálogos de paz y un eventual posconflicto en el campo laboral de la Ciencia Política en Colombia. Presenta las principales críticas, inquietudes y propuestas de los politólogos, en torno a la profesionalización de la disciplina en el contexto político, económico y social del país. Semillero a cargo del profesor David Alberto Roll Vélez.Justicia comunitaria en la zona de reserva campesina de Cabrera, Sumapaz El documento define un marco teórico y conceptual desde el cual se leerá la justicia comunitaria en Cabrera. Hace una reconstrucción histórica de Cabrera y sus prácticas jurídicas, por separado, para fines pedagógicos. Analiza los conflictos más relevantes haciendo un análisis de su anatomía, identificando instituciones, normas y procedimientos en ellos. Finalmente da cuenta de la importancia de la justicia comunitaria, en relación a la capacidad del Estado para garantizar el acceso a la administración de justicia efectiva del campesinado colombiano. Semillero a cargo del profesor Edgar Augusto Ardila Amaya.Evaluación del programa de territorios de vida y paz en la UPZ La Sabana, Bogotá 2012-2014 Evalúa el programa Territorios de Vida y Paz con Prevención del Delito en la UPZ La Sabana, desde el nivel de cumplimiento de las metas y desde la caracterización de las dificultades y aspectos positivos del planteamiento y desarrollo de la implementación de los programas (análisis del comportamiento de las cifras de seguridad de la localidad de Los Mártires y la UPZ La Sabana), para proponer algunas propuestas que aporten en la formulación e implementación de una política de seguridad urbana integral. Semillero a cargo del profesor Alejo Vargas Velásquez.Una lucha más allá de las fronteras nacionales: el caso del pueblo indígena Awá, 2009-2014 Describe cómo se ha desarrollado el proceso de resistencia y lucha del pueblo indígena colombiano Awá en el plano internacional, mediante la creación de Redes Transnacionales de Defensa y la Instrumentalización Subalterna del Derecho Internacional. Esto, para la defensa y garantía de sus derechos, frente a las problemáticas ligadas al conflicto armado interno colombiano en el período comprendido entre los años 2009-2014. Semillero a cargo del profesor Edgar Alberto Novoa Torres.Derecho a la vivienda, victimas y políticas públicas. Caso: proyecto Usme metro 136 Analiza la realidad de los habitantes del proyecto de vivienda Usme Metro 136 destinado a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia con residencia en Bogotá. Se centra en los aspectos institucionales y normativos que rigen la restitución de vivienda a las personas víctimas del desplazamiento forzado, para describir las vivencias y percepciones que han tenido los habitantes del Proyecto; y los procesos organizativos que se han gestado en la proceso de defensa de los derechos como víctimas y en el avance del tejido social que permitan mejorar sus condiciones de vida. Semillero a cargo del profesor Miguel Ángel Herrera Zgaib.Atravesando Fronteras: relatos de Colombianos en el Exterior Analiza desde las teorías de push and pully capital social, las problemáticas vinculadas a la migración y el regreso de retornados laborales/empresariales, estudiantiles y/o académicos, y los retornados infantiles y/o juveniles. Considera la existencia de una in-visibilización de esta comunidad por parte del Estado colombiano, al ser incapaz de apoyar al capital humano entrante. Semillero a cargo del profesor David Alberto Roll Velásquez.Los paradigmas democráticos y el modelo colombiano: un análisis desde el sujeto, el voto y la representación Presenta, una caracterización del modelo democrático colombiano desde su adscripción al paradigma liberal, en su vertiente participativa. Expone los factores materiales del modelo democrático colombiano (violencia, bipartidismo, corrupción y clientelismo), entendidos como condiciones que limitan la participación del sujeto, principalmente; y reconstruye la noción de sujeto democrático desde la restricción de su representación en el régimen de partidos políticos y, a partir de ésta, hace un estudio de caso del Centro Democrático. Semillero a cargo del profesor Andrés Abel Rodríguez Villabona.Balance legislativo sobre el territorio y la identidad raizal en San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina Presenta un acercamiento al pueblo Raizal de las Islas de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina a través del análisis de la protección a la diversidad étnica y cultural; y la suficiencia e idoneidad de la legislación que atañe al Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina en materia de territorio e identidad del pueblo Raizal. Para ello, identifica la normatividad y jurisprudencia vigente en estos aspectos, con el fin de evaluar los efectos prácticos frente a las condiciones de vida de los Raizales; consecuentemente, analiza la relación histórica existente entre dichos efectos y los procesos de resistencia que protagoniza la comunidad. Semillero a cargo del profesor Edgar Alberto Novoa Torres.La maternidad subrogada en Colombia Describe el concepto de maternidad subrogada, sus consecuencias y la mejor forma de regular los tratamientos médicos tecnológicamente avanzados; en aras de formular una propuesta de figura jurídica regulatoria de la maternidad subrogada en Colombia. Realiza una reconstrucción teórica sobre las figuras jurídicas de contrato y convención tratando de insertar el mencionado concepto en estas categorías; para finalmente concluir afirmando que la convención es la institución jurídica que resulta más apropiada para tratar el tema. Semillero a cargo del profesor Freddy Saza Pineda.Análisis del comportamiento legislativo del Acto Legislativo 02 de 2015 “Por medio del cual se adopta una reforma de Equilibrio de Poderes y Reajuste Institucional y se dictan otras disposiciones” durante su proceso de aprobación en el Congreso de la República. Observa los factores que inciden en el comportamiento de los legisladores durante el proceso de aprobación del Acto Legislativo 02 de 2015. Realizando una contextualización histórico-política junto a la revisión de las teorías relativas a los aspectos más comunes que inciden en la toma de decisiones por parte de congresistas. El documento busca demostrar que el entorno institucional en el que se rodean los legisladores, la relación existente entre la bancada legislativa y el gobierno nacional, el interés por no afectar significativamente las condiciones actuales, así como los liderazgos que asumen el costo político, son aquellos factores que tienen mayor incidencia en el comportamiento legislativo para la aprobación del Acto Legislativo 02 de 2015 sobre Equilibrio de Poderes y Reajuste Instituciona

Revista Temas Agrarios Volumen 26; Suplemento 1 de 2021

1st International and 2nd National Symposium of Agronomic Sciences: The rebirth of the scientific discussion space for the Colombian Agro.1 Simposio Intenacional y 2 Nacional de Ciencias Agronómicas: El renacer del espacio de discusión científica para el Agro colombiano

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

International audienceBACKGROUND - Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS - We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS - The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION - Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

International audienceBACKGROUND - Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS - We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS - The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION - Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings