114 research outputs found

    Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages are productively infected at all stages of SIV infection in macaques.

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    International audienceThe mucosal events of HIV transmission have been extensively studied, but the role of infected cells present in the genital and rectal secretions, and in the semen, in particular, remains a matter of debate. As a prerequisite to a thorough in vivo investigation of the early transmission events through infected cells, we characterized in detail by multi-parameter flow cytometry the changes in macaque seminal leukocytes during SIVmac251 infection, focusing on T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Using immunocytofluorescence targeting SIV proteins and real-time quantitative PCR targeting SIV DNA, we investigated the nature of the infected cells on sorted semen leukocytes from macaques at different stages of infection. Finally, we cocultured semen CD4(+) T cells and macrophages with a cell line permissive to SIV infection to assess their infectivity in vitro. We found that primary infection induced strong local inflammation, which was associated with an increase in the number of leukocytes in semen, both factors having the potential to favor cell-associated virus transmission. Semen CD4(+) T cells and macrophages were productively infected at all stages of infection and were infectious in vitro. Lymphocytes had a mucosal phenotype and expressed activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and migration (CCR5, CXCR4, LFA-1) markers. CD69 expression was increased in semen T cells by SIV infection, at all stages of infection. Macrophages predominated at all stages and expressed CD4, CCR5, MAC-1 and LFA-1. Altogether, we demonstrated that semen contains the two major SIV-target cells (CD4+ T cells and macrophages). Both cell types can be productively infected at all stages of SIV infection and are endowed with markers that may facilitate transmission of infection during sexual exposure

    Monoamines as Drug Targets in Chronic Pain: Focusing on Neuropathic Pain

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    Monoamines are involved in regulating the endogenous pain system and indeed, peripheral and central monoaminergic dysfunction has been demonstrated in certain types of pain, particularly in neuropathic pain. Accordingly, drugs that modulate the monaminergic system and that were originally designed to treat depression are now considered to be first line treatments for certain types of neuropathic pain (e.g., serotonin and noradrenaline (and also dopamine) reuptake inhibitors). The analgesia induced by these drugs seems to be mediated by inhibiting the reuptake of these monoamines, thereby reinforcing the descending inhibitory pain pathways. Hence, it is of particular interest to study the monoaminergic mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Other analgesic drugs may also be used in combination with monoamines to facilitate descending pain inhibition (e.g., gabapentinoids and opioids) and such combinations are often also used to alleviate certain types of chronic pain. By contrast, while NSAIDs are thought to influence the monoaminergic system, they just produce consistent analgesia in inflammatory pain. Thus, in this review we will provide preclinical and clinical evidence of the role of monoamines in the modulation of chronic pain, reviewing how this system is implicated in the analgesic mechanism of action of antidepressants, gabapentinoids, atypical opioids, NSAIDs and histaminergic drug

    Contacts et acculturations en Méditerranée occidentale

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    La question des contacts entre les différents peuples qui bordent les rives de la Méditerranée nord occidentale est l’un des sujets phares de la recherche archéologique de ces trente dernières années. Que l’on parle d’époque archaïque et classique ou de Protohistoire et d’âge du Fer, les échanges et les processus d’acculturation de ces peuples qui entrèrent alors en contact les uns avec les autres : Grecs, Celtes, Phéniciens, Ibères, Ligures, Étrusques, ont retenu l’attention des chercheurs travaillant sur l’expansion grecque dans ces régions, sur les trafics commerciaux, sur les échanges culturels. L’œuvre de Michel Bats (Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS) traverse toutes ces thématiques : la présence des Phocéens et des Étrusques dans le bassin occidental de la Méditerranée, l’acculturation et les identités ethno-culturelles, les recherches sur la céramique et ses usages dans une perspective anthropologique, l’appropriation de l’écriture par les sociétés protohistoriques. Ses collègues et amis, en organisant ce colloque et en participant à ces actes, entendent lui témoigner leur amitié et leur dette intellectuelle. Ce volume réunit des articles des meilleurs spécialistes, actuels de la question - des chercheurs de toute la Méditerranée - autour des quatre grands thèmes que nous venons d’évoquer afin tout à la fois de dresser un bilan et de définir de nouvelles perspectives. Cet ouvrage présente donc aussi bien des synthèses - sur la présence grecque en Espagne, sur l’origine de l’écriture, sur les pratiques funéraires, sur les identités culturelles et ethniques - que des découvertes récentes concernant la thématique des contacts et de l’acculturation en Méditerranée nord occidentale : l’agglomération du Premier âge du Fer de La Cougourlude (Lattes, Hérault) fouillée durant l’été 2010 ; le sanctuaire hellénistique de Cumes et les fouilles récentes de Fratte en Italie ; les ateliers de potiers de Rosas en Espagne ; les dernières découvertes d’Olbia de Provence

    TET proteins and the control of cytosine demethylation in cancer

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    Appel d'offres et marketing d'achat : une double perspective

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    Convergence between project marketing and project management : time as a structuring Factor

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    International audienceFrom a theoretical point of view, for years, project marketing and project management existed as separate disciplines, each having developed independently from the other. Recent developments in project management have edged the project out of its strict time frame in order to reposition it within a strategic, long-term approach. In doing so, such developments concur with progress made in project marketing over the last decade. By confronting the time perspectives present in both theories as a starting point, this article proposes to bridge the gap between them on five key points, thus structuring a conceptual time frame common to project marketing and project management.<br/

    Le| marketing d'affaires : Stratégies et méthodes pour vendre des projets ou des solutions

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    International audienceVente de systèmes, de biens d'équipement, de solutions, montage d'affaires, marketing de projets, marketing de la grande industrie, stratégies de soumission aux appels d'offres... La liste est longue des termes utilisés pour désigner une démarche qui, aux antipodes du marketing des produits de grande consommation, se structure avec une batterie d'outils et de concepts originaux. Cette démarche sort désormais du champ restreint et spécifique de certaines industries lourdes pour influencer largement, voire renouveler, le marketing business to business dans son ensemble. ABB, Alcatel, Hewlett Packard, Schneider et bien d'autres adoptent aujourd'hui des stratégies issues du marketing d'affaires pour vendre des solutions à leurs clients et, au travers de celles-ci, leurs produits et leurs services. Fruit de longues années d'expérience et illustrée de nombreux cas, cette nouvelle édition présente au lecteur les modèles, méthodes et outils nécessaires au développement d'une approche constructiviste du marketing d'affaires. Entièrement mise à jour, elle intègre deux nouveaux chapitres sur les priorités stratégiques et le positionnement concurrentiel. Cet ouvrage s'adresse à tous ceux qui " font " le marketing : ingénieurs d'affaires, gestionnaires de grands comptes, cadres des directions commerciales et stratégiques ou autres responsables contribuant, par leur fonction, au bon déroulement d'une affaire, du bureau d'étude à l'après-vente.<br/

    Le| marketing d'affaires : Stratégies et méthodes pour vendre des projets ou des solutions

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    International audiencevente de systèmes, de biens d'équipement, de solutions, montage d'affaires, marketing de projets, ces pratiques sortent désormais du champ restreint des industries lourdes pour influencer, voir renouveler le marketing business to business dans son ensemble. Fruits de longues années d'expérience et illustré de nombreux cas, l'ouvrage présente les modèles méthodes et outils nécessaires au développement du marketing d'affaires.<br/

    The industrial/consumer marketing dichotomy revisited: a case of outdated justification?

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    International audiencePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to question again the relevance of the differences, which were first discussed over 20 years ago, between industrial marketing and consumer marketing and to suggest new ways to frame the debate on the B2BC dichotomy. - Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes an historical review of the principal texts of the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) group in order to elucidate the four key characteristics of industrial marketing; the time perspective, the role of the customer, market structure and the unit of analysis. It continues by considering the contributions that Consumer Culture Theory, which it is argued is a powerful renewing force in consumer marketing, can make in respect of these four characteristics. - Findings – The dichotomy of B2B/B2C no longer works by simply attributing it to the four historical differentiators of industrial marketing that are currently being adopted by innovators in consumer marketing. Consequently, this paper highlights the possible contributions of this development to industrial marketing and questions whether differentiation is possible. Are there not other criteria to take into consideration to differentiate the two fields? - Originality/value – This paper allows the reader to revisit a controversy that has apparently been kept hidden. It does not question the relevance of the controversy but the criteria used in trying to differentiate industrial marketing from consumer marketing. It introduces the most recent developments of consumer marketing research into the context of industrial marketing theories. // Keywords Consumers, Consumer marketing, Industrial marketing, Marketing strategy, Business-to-business marketing<br/
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