232 research outputs found
Evaluation and establishment of a ward-based geriatric liaison service for older urological surgical patients: Proactive care of Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS)-Urology.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of introducing and embedding a structured geriatric liaison service, Proactive care of Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS)-Urology, using comprehensive geriatric assessment methodology, on an inpatient urology ward. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A phased quality improvement project was undertaken using stepwise interventions. Phase 1 was a before-and-after study with initiation of a daily board round, weekly multidisciplinary meeting, and targeted geriatrician-led ward rounds for elective and emergency urology patients aged ≥65 years admitted over two 1-month periods. Outcomes were recorded from medical records and discharge documentation, including length of inpatient stay, medical and surgical complications, and 30-day readmission and mortality rates. Phase 2 was a quality improvement project involving Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles and qualitative staff surveys in order to create a Geriatric Surgical Checklist (GSCL) to standardize the intervention in Phase 1, improve equity of care by extending it to all ages, improve team-working and streamline handovers for multidisciplinary staff. RESULTS: Phase 1 included 112 patients in the control month and 130 in the intervention month. The length of inpatient stay was reduced by 19% (mean 4.9 vs 4.0 days; P = 0.01), total postoperative complications were lower (risk ratio 0.24 [95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.54]; P = 0.001). A non-significant trend was seen towards fewer cancellations of surgery (10 vs 5%; P = 0.12) and 30-day readmissions (8 vs 3%; P = 0.07). In Phase 2, the GSCL was created and incrementally improved. Questionnaires repeated at intervals showed that the GSCL helped staff to understand their role better in multidisciplinary meetings, improved their confidence to raise issues, reduced duplication of handovers and standardized identification of geriatric issues. Equity of care was improved by providing the intervention to patients of all ages, despite which the time taken for the daily board round did not lengthen. CONCLUSION: This is the first known paper describing the benefits of daily proactive geriatric intervention in elective and emergency urological surgery. The results suggest that using a multidisciplinary team board round helps to facilitate collaborative working between surgical and geriatric medicine teams. The GSCL enables systematic identification of patients who require a focused comprehensive geriatric assessment. There is potential to transfer the GSCL package to other surgical specialties and hospitals to improve postoperative outcomes
Towards a sustainable Dunaliella salina microalgal biorefinery for 9-cis β-carotene production
Valorisation of the efficacy of 9-cis beta-carotene in treating atherosclerosis, psoriasis, and inhibiting atherogenesis and retinitis pigmentosa is becoming increasingly urgent, but supplies of 9-cis beta-carotene are scarce and this compound is difficult to synthesise chemically, unlike the much more common all-trans form. Innovative products, processes and services in an algal biorefinery that rely on renewable biological resources instead of fossil fuel alternatives offer the potential to lower the energy costs of traditional chemical processes and reduce carbon emissions, water usage and waste. In 2013, the European Commission supported development of 4 microalgal biorefinery projects to assess the potential for innovative approaches to tackle the major challenges intrinsic to the development of the algae biorefineries. One of these was the D-Factory (KBBE.2013.3.2-02) which sought to evaluate requirements for sustainable, industrial-scale production of Dunaliella salina and extraction of its carotenoids, especially 9-cis beta-carotene in a CO2 microalgae biorefinery. Here we present findings of the D-Factory project and propose a way forward for industrial-scale production of 9-cis beta-carotene using biotechnology based on Dunaliella salina biomass. Cultivation improvements are able to deliver more than double the current levels of productivity, with increased sustainability, whilst the use of natural hyper-accumulating carotenogenic strains combined with the use of red light to boost production of the beta-carotene pathway, will increase the relative concentration of 9-cis beta-carotene in extracts of carotenoids with consequent improvements in downstream processing. These developments pave the way for acquiring data for a Medicine Licence and prepare the market for entry of novel 9-cis beta-carotene products
Lepton Mass Matrix Models
The smallness and hierarchy in fermion parameters could be the result of
selection rules due to an Abelian horizontal symmetry broken by a small
parameter. When applied to the lepton sector, then for a large class of models,
a number of interesting order of magnitude relations arise: with ,
;
m(\ell^-_i)/m(\ell^-_j)\lsim\sin\theta_{ij}; m(\nu_i)/m(\nu_j)\gsim
m^2(\ell^-_i)/m^2(\ell^-_j); m(\nu_e)\lsim m(\nu_\mu)\lsim m(\nu_\tau). The
relations between neutrino masses and mixings may become exact if the
horizontal symmetry together with holomorphy induce certain zero entries in the
lepton mass matrices. A full high energy theory is likely to include scalars
with flavor changing couplings and heavy leptons in vector representations;
however, the masses of these particles are too heavy to be directly observed in
experiment. Indirect evidence for the horizontal symmetry may arise from other
sectors of the theory: non-degenerate sleptons are allowed as the symmetry
aligns lepton and slepton mass matrices; light leptoquarks are allowed as the
symmetry can make their couplings diagonal and chiral.Comment: 25 pages, uses harvmac; no figure
Tuberculosis diagnostics and biomarkers: needs, challenges, recent advances, and opportunities
Tuberculosis is unique among the major infectious diseases in that it lacks accurate rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests. Failure to control the spread of tuberculosis is largely due to our inability to detect and treat all infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a timely fashion, allowing continued Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission within communities. Currently recommended gold-standard diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are laboratory based, and multiple investigations may be necessary over a period of weeks or months before a diagnosis is made. Several new diagnostic tests have recently become available for detecting active tuberculosis disease, screening for latent M. tuberculosis infection, and identifying drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, progress toward a robust point-of-care test has been limited, and novel biomarker discovery remains challenging. In the absence of effective prevention strategies, high rates of early case detection and subsequent cure are required for global tuberculosis control. Early case detection is dependent on test accuracy, accessibility, cost, and complexity, but also depends on the political will and funder investment to deliver optimal, sustainable care to those worst affected by the tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus epidemics. This review highlights unanswered questions, challenges, recent advances, unresolved operational and technical issues, needs, and opportunities related to tuberculosis diagnostics
Transplanckian axions !?
We discuss quantum gravitational effects in Einstein theory coupled to
periodic axion scalars to analyze the viability of several proposals to achieve
superplanckian axion periods (aka decay constants) and their possible
application to large field inflation models. The effects we study correspond to
the nucleation of euclidean gravitational instantons charged under the axion,
and our results are essentially compatible with (but independent of) the Weak
Gravity Conjecture, as follows: Single axion theories with superplanckian
periods contain gravitational instantons inducing sizable higher harmonics in
the axion potential, which spoil superplanckian inflaton field range. A similar
result holds for multi-axion models with lattice alignment (like the
Kim-Nilles-Peloso model). Finally, theories with axions can still achieve a
moderately superplanckian periodicity (by a factor) with no higher
harmonics in the axion potential. The Weak Gravity Conjecture fails to hold in
this case due to the absence of some instantons, which are forbidden by a
discrete gauge symmetry. Finally we discuss the realization of
these instantons as euclidean D-branes in string compactifications.Comment: 46 pages, 6 figures. Added references, clarifications, and missing
factor of 1/2 to instanton action. Conclusions unchange
Dynamics of a global string with large Higgs boson mass
We consider a self-gravitating string generated by a global vortex solution
in general relativity. We investigate the Einstein and field equations of a
global vortex in the region of its central line and at a distance from the
centre of the order of the inverse of its Higgs boson mass. By combining the
two we establish by a limiting process of large Higgs mass the dynamics of a
self-gravitating global string. Under our assumptions the presence of
gravitation restricts the world sheet of the global string to be totally
geodesic.Comment: 23 pages, LaTeX, one figure, to be published in Phys.Rev.D 15th of
March issu
Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Biomarkers: Needs, Challenges, Recent Advances, and Opportunities
Tuberculosis is unique among the major infectious diseases in that it lacks accurate rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests. Failure to control the spread of tuberculosis is largely due to our inability to detect and treat all infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a timely fashion, allowing continued Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission within communities. Currently recommended gold-standard diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are laboratory based, and multiple investigations may be necessary over a period of weeks or months before a diagnosis is made. Several new diagnostic tests have recently become available for detecting active tuberculosis disease, screening for latent M. tuberculosis infection, and identifying drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, progress toward a robust point-of-care test has been limited, and novel biomarker discovery remains challenging. In the absence of effective prevention strategies, high rates of early case detection and subsequent cure are required for global tuberculosis control. Early case detection is dependent on test accuracy, accessibility, cost, and complexity, but also depends on the political will and funder investment to deliver optimal, sustainable care to those worst affected by the tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus epidemics. This review highlights unanswered questions, challenges, recent advances, unresolved operational and technical issues, needs, and opportunities related to tuberculosis diagnostic
Unobtrusive monitoring of behavior and movement patterns to detect clinical depression severity level via smartphone
The number of individuals with mental disorders is increasing and they are commonly found among individuals who avoid social interaction and like to live alone. Amongst such mental health disorders is depression which is both common and serious. The present paper introduces a method to assess the depression level of an individual using a smartphone by monitoring their daily activities. The time domain characteristics from a smartphone acceleration sensor were used alongside a vector machine algorithm to classify physical activities. Additionally, the geographical location information was clustered using a smartphone GPS sensor to simplify movement patterns. A total of 12 features were extracted from individuals’ physical activity and movement patterns and were analyzed alongside their weekly depression scores using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Using a wrapper feature selection method, a subset of features was selected and applied to a linear regression model to estimate the depression score. The support vector machine algorithm was then used to classify the depression severity level among individuals (absence, moderate, severe) and had an accuracy of 87.2% in severe depression cases which outperformed other classification models including the k-nearest neighbor and artificial neural network. This method of identifying depression is a cost-effective solution for long-term use and can monitor individuals for depression without invading their personal space or creating other day-to-day disturbances
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