Estudio de caso: Diagnóstico de desempeño del enfoque intercultural del modelo de atención integral de salud basado en familia y comunidad (MAIS-BFC) en la atención prenatal de los centros de salud de Quichuas y Santiago de Pichus, Tayacaja, Huancavelica, para el periodo 2015-2017

La presente investigación desarrolló un análisis comparativo de la implementación del enfoque intercultural del Modelo de Atención Integral Basado en Familia y Comunidad (MAISBFC) en la atención prenatal de dos establecimientos de salud pertenecientes a la Red de Salud de Tayacaja, Huancavelica: Quichuas y Santiago de Pichus para el periodo 2015-2017. El modelo tiene por objetivo “mejorar el nivel de salud de la población del país y lograr la equidad en el acceso a la atención integral de salud” (MINSA, 2011, pp.13). Para ello, promueve la transformación del paradigma sanitario hacia un modelo de atención integral e intercultural, con orientación hacia la promoción y prevención de salud, y ha sido implementado con especial énfasis en la atención de salud materna. Cinco años después de su implementación en la Red de Salud de Tayacaja, y pese a la importante cantidad de sus establecimientos que ha replicado el modelo, la revisión de literatura permitió identificar que no se han realizado estudios sobre su implementación, ni monitoreos por parte del gobierno en dicha red. Por ello, la presente investigación se propuso analizar la implementación del enfoque intercultural del MAIS-BFC respecto al desempeño del servicio de atención prenatal de los establecimientos antes mencionados. Se analizaron estos establecimientos, bajo un enfoque de estudio de casos, debido a que comparten el mismo marco institucional (Dirección Regional de Salud y Red de Salud), atienden cantidad semejante de gestantes e iniciaron la implementación del MAIS-BFC en el 2014 (Red de Salud de Tayacaja, 2017). Además, se consideraron algunos criterios con características diferenciadas, como la proporción de gestantes quechuahablantes y el nivel de conexión a un centro urbano. El estudio tuvo enfoque cualitativo y alcance descriptivo, y analizó tres componentes relacionados a las demoras que inciden en la mortalidad materna: accesibilidad, calidad técnica y aceptabilidad (PHR, 2007), así como un componente sobre la articulación entre sistemas de salud (biomédico y tradicionales). El estudio evidenció que entre los factores que influyen la decisión de las usuarias de acceder a los servicios de salud y las posibilidades de garantizar la captación temprana para la atención prenatal, no solo inciden elementos asociados a su cosmovisión cultural, sino también algunos relacionados al entorno social, tales como las creencias religiosas y la influencia de familiares en sus decisiones durante el embarazo. En cuanto a la implementación del enfoque intercultural, se manifestó la ausencia de claridad conceptual entre el personal sanitario y directivo, que, sin embargo, sí refiere nociones prácticas de su incorporación, así como los cambios establecidos en el relacionamiento con las usuarias — primordialmente orientados al respeto por las costumbres y prácticas sanitarias de las gestantes—, para incidir en su confianza y aceptabilidad hacia los servicios de los establecimientos, tales como la ambientación de la infraestructura con pertinencia cultural, formas de transmitir la información o los esfuerzos por articular con agentes tradicionales de salud de las localidades, no sin estar exentos de desencuentros y dificultades. Es así que los resultados evidenciaron un mejor desempeño de la implementación del enfoque intercultural en la atención prenatal en el centro de salud Santiago de Pichus, principalmente por aspectos relacionados a la disponibilidad y colaboración de agentes comunitarios de salud, los cortos tiempo de espera para recibir atención prenatal, la proporción de comodidad y confianza hacia las usuarias, la autonomía sobre el tipo de parto y la relación de colaboración con agentes tradicionales de salud. Todo ello revela que no solo destacan factores asociados a la dimensión cultural y el relacionamiento con las usuarias, sino también algunos elementos esenciales de gestión del establecimiento y articulación con actores locales que inciden el desempeño de la atención prenatal.Tesi

The diagonal of a first countable paratopological group, submetrizability, and related results

[EN] We discuss some properties stronger than Gδ-diagonal. Among other things, we prove that any first countable paratopological group has a Gδ-diagonal of infinite rank and hence also a regular Gδ-diagonal. This answer a question recently asked by Arhangel’skii and Burke.Arhangelskii, A.; Bella, A. (2007). The diagonal of a first countable paratopological group, submetrizability, and related results. Applied General Topology. 8(2):207-212. doi:10.4995/agt.2007.1881.SWORD20721282Arhangel’skii, A. V., & Burke, D. K. (2006). Spaces with a regular Gδ-diagonal. Topology and its Applications, 153(11), 1917-1929. doi:10.1016/j.topol.2005.07.013A. V. Arhangel'skii and R. Buzyakova, The rank of the diagonal and submetrizability, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolinae 47, no. 4 (2006), 585–597.A. Bella, More on cellular extent and related cardinal functions, Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. 7, no. 3A (1989), 61–68.Buzyakova, R. Z. (2006). Cardinalities of ccc-spaces with regular Gδ-diagonals. Topology and its Applications, 153(11), 1696-1698. doi:10.1016/j.topol.2005.06.004C. Liu, A note on paratopological groups, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolinae 47, no. 4 (2006), 633–640.V. Mc Arthur, Gδ-diagonal and metrization theorems, Pacific J. Math. 44 (1973), 213–217.V. V. Uspenskii, Large F -discrete spaces having the Souslin property, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolinae 25, no. 2 (1984), 257–260.Zenor, P. (1972). On spaces with regularGδ-diagonals. Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 40(3), 759-763. doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.40.75

Mind the numt: Finding informative mitochondrial markers in a giant grasshopper genome

H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Grant/Award Number: 658706; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Grant/Award Number: PID2019-104952GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033The barcoding of the mitochondrial COX1 gene has been instrumental in cataloguing the tree of life, and in providing insights in the phylogeographic history of species. Yet, this strategy has encountered difficulties in major clades characterized by large genomes, which contain a high frequency of nuclear pseudogenes originating from the mitochondrial genome (numts). Here, we use the meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus), which possesses a giant genome of ~13 Gb, to identify mitochondrial genes that are underrepresented as numts, and test their use as informative phylogeographic markers. We recover the same full mitochondrial sequence using both whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, including functional protein‐coding genes and tRNAs. We show that a region of the mitogenome containing the COX1 gene, typically used in DNA barcoding, has disproportionally higher diversity and coverage than the rest of the mitogenome, consistent with multiple insertions of that region into the nuclear genome. By designing new markers in regions of less elevated diversity and coverage, we identify two mitochondrial genes that are less likely to be duplicated as numts. We show that, while these markers show high levels of incomplete lineage sorting between subspecies, as expected for mitochondrial genes, genetic variation reflects their phylogeographic history accurately. These findings allow us to identify useful mitochondrial markers for future studies in C. parallelus, an important biological system for evolutionary biology. More generally, this study exemplifies how non‐PCR‐based methods using next‐generation sequencing can be used to avoid numts in species characterized by large genomes, which have remained challenging to study in taxonomy and evolution.H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions 658706Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades PID2019-104952GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Evolution of Linear Absorption and Nonlinear Optical Properties in V-Shaped Ruthenium(II)-Based Chromophores

In this article, we describe a series of complexes with electron-rich cis-{Ru^(II)(NH_3)_4}^(2+) centers coordinated to two pyridyl ligands bearing N-methyl/arylpyridinium electron-acceptor groups. These V-shaped dipolar species are new, extended members of a class of chromophores first reported by us (Coe, B. J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4845−4859). They have been isolated as their PF_6− salts and characterized by using various techniques including ^1H NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Reversible Ru^(III/II) waves show that the new complexes are potentially redox-switchable chromophores. Single crystal X-ray structures have been obtained for four complex salts; three of these crystallize noncentrosymmetrically, but with the individual molecular dipoles aligned largely antiparallel. Very large molecular first hyperpolarizabilities β have been determined by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) with an 800 nm laser and also via Stark (electroabsorption) spectroscopic studies on the intense, visible d → π^* metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and π → π^* intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) bands. The latter measurements afford total nonresonant β_0 responses as high as ca. 600 × 10^(−30) esu. These pseudo-C_(2v) chromophores show two substantial components of the β tensor, β_(zzz) and β_(zyy), although the relative significance of these varies with the physical method applied. According to HRS, β_(zzz) dominates in all cases, whereas the Stark analyses indicate that β_(zyy) is dominant in the shorter chromophores, but β_(zzz) and β_(zyy) are similar for the extended species. In contrast, finite field calculations predict that β_(zyy) is always the major component. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations predict increasing ILCT character for the nominally MLCT transitions and accompanying blue-shifts of the visible absorptions, as the ligand π-systems are extended. Such unusual behavior has also been observed with related 1D complexes (Coe, B. J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3880−3891)

Intonation processing in congenital amusia: discrimination, identification and imitation

This study investigated whether congenital amusia, a neuro-developmental disorder of musical perception, also has implications for speech intonation processing. In total, 16 British amusics and 16 matched controls completed five intonation perception tasks and two pitch threshold tasks. Compared with controls, amusics showed impaired performance on discrimination, identification and imitation of statements and questions that were characterized primarily by pitch direction differences in the final word. This intonation-processing deficit in amusia was largely associated with a psychophysical pitch direction discrimination deficit. These findings suggest that amusia impacts upon one’s language abilities in subtle ways, and support previous evidence that pitch processing in language and music involves shared mechanisms

Diquat Derivatives: Highly Active, Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Optical Chromophores with Potential Redox Switchability

In this article, we present a detailed study of structure−activity relationships in diquaternized 2,2′-bipyridyl (diquat) derivatives. Sixteen new chromophores have been synthesized, with variations in the amino electron donor substituents, π-conjugated bridge, and alkyl diquaternizing unit. Our aim is to combine very large, two-dimensional (2D) quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) responses with reversible redox chemistry. The chromophores have been characterized as their PF_6^− salts by using various techniques including electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Their visible absorption spectra are dominated by intense π → π^* intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) bands, and all show two reversible diquat-based reductions. First hyperpolarizabilities β have been measured by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering with an 800 nm laser, and Stark spectroscopy of the ICT bands affords estimated static first hyperpolarizabilities β_0. The directly and indirectly derived β values are large and increase with the extent of π-conjugation and electron donor strength. Extending the quaternizing alkyl linkage always increases the ICT energy and decreases the E_(1/2) values for diquat reduction, but a compensating increase in the ICT intensity prevents significant decreases in Stark-based β_0 responses. Nine single-crystal X-ray structures have also been obtained. Time-dependent density functional theory clarifies the molecular electronic/optical properties, and finite field calculations agree with polarized HRS data in that the NLO responses of the disubstituted species are dominated by ‘off-diagonal’ β_(zyy) components. The most significant findings of these studies are: (i) β_0 values as much as 6 times that of the chromophore in the technologically important material (E)-4′-(dimethylamino)-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate; (ii) reversible electrochemistry that offers potential for redox-switching of optical properties over multiple states; (iii) strongly 2D NLO responses that may be exploited for novel practical applications; (iv) a new polar material, suitable for bulk NLO behavior

Heavy Metals Concentrations in Fish from Sicily (Mediterranean Sea) and Evaluation of Possible Health Risks to Consumers

Cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium concentrations in fish muscle tissue taken from various Sicilian areas were detected. Fish caught in Siracusa, nearby a petrochemical industrial area, were more contaminated by cadmium, lead and chromium (respectively 0.366, 0.32, 0.72 μg/g) than those from the other sites. In the Sicily Channel, we found the highest bioaccumulation of mercury (0.31 μg/g). Although some metals concentrations exceed the limits set by the European regulation, the estimated weekly intake was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake established by the European Food and Safety Authority, and the Target Hazard Quotient values indicate that there is no carcinogenic risk for humans