149 research outputs found

    Postseismic deformation following the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Implication for lower-crust rheology

    Get PDF
    On 1999 September 21, the Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake ruptured a segment of the Chelungpu Fault, a frontal thrust fault of the Western Foothills of Taiwan. The stress perturbation induced by the rupture triggered a transient deformation across the island, which was well recorded by a wide network of continuously operating GPS stations. The analysis of more than ten years of these data reveals a heterogeneous pattern of postseismic displacements, with relaxation times varying by a factor of more than ten, and large cumulative displacements at great distances, in particular along the Longitudinal Valley in eastern Taiwan, where relaxation times are also longer. We show that while afterslip is the dominant relaxation process in the epicentral area, viscoelastic relaxation is needed to explain the pattern and time evolution of displacements at the larger scale. We model the spatiotemporal behavior of the transient deformation as the result of afterslip on the dĂ©collement that extends downdip of the Chelungpu thrust, and viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and in the mid-crust below the Central Range. We construct a model of deformation driven by coseismic stress change where afterslip and viscoelastic flow are fully coupled. The model is compatible with the shorter relaxation times observed in the near field, which are due to continued fault slip, and the longer characteristic relaxation times and the reversed polarity of vertical displacements observed east of the Central Range. Our preferred model shows a viscosity of 0.5–1 X 10^(19) Pa s at lower-crustal depths and 5 X 10^(17) Pa s in the mid-crust below the Central Range, between 10 and 30 km depth. The low-viscosity zone at mid-crustal depth below the Central Range coincides with a region of low seismicity where rapid advection of heat due to surface erosion coupled with underplating maintain high temperatures, estimated to be between 300°C and 600°C from the modeling of thermo-chronology and surface heat flow data

    Uniform Selection as a Primary Force Reducing Population Genetic Differentiation of Cavitation Resistance across a Species Range

    Get PDF
    Background: Cavitation resistance to water stress-induced embolism determines plant survival during drought. This adaptive trait has been described as highly variable in a wide range of tree species, but little is known about the extent of genetic and phenotypic variability within species. This information is essential to our understanding of the evolutionary forces that have shaped this trait, and for evaluation of its inclusion in breeding programs. Methodology: We assessed cavitation resistance (P 50), growth and carbon isotope composition in six Pinus pinaster populations in a provenance and progeny trial. We estimated the heritability of cavitation resistance and compared the distribution of neutral markers (FST) and quantitative genetic differentiation (QST), for retrospective identification of the evolutionary forces acting on these traits. Results/Discussion: In contrast to growth and carbon isotope composition, no population differentiation was found for cavitation resistance. Heritability was higher than for the other traits, with a low additive genetic variance (h 2 ns = 0.4360.18, CVA = 4.4%). QST was significantly lower than FST, indicating uniform selection for P50, rather than genetic drift. Putativ

    Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality

    Get PDF

    Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient

    Get PDF
    Biological responses to climate change have been widely documented across taxa and regions, but it remains unclear whether species are maintaining a good match between phenotype and environment, i.e. whether observed trait changes are adaptive. Here we reviewed 10,090 abstracts and extracted data from 71 studies reported in 58 relevant publications, to assess quantitatively whether phenotypic trait changes associated with climate change are adaptive in animals. A meta-analysis focussing on birds, the taxon best represented in our dataset, suggests that global warming has not systematically affected morphological traits, but has advanced phenological traits. We demonstrate that these advances are adaptive for some species, but imperfect as evidenced by the observed consistent selection for earlier timing. Application of a theoretical model indicates that the evolutionary load imposed by incomplete adaptive responses to ongoing climate change may already be threatening the persistence of species.Peer reviewe

    Interseismic coupling and slow slip events seen by space geodesy : application to the Mexican subduction zone and the North Anatolian strike-slip fault

    No full text
    L'avĂšnement de la gĂ©odĂ©sie spatiale ces derniĂšres dĂ©cennies a permis la dĂ©couverte de la diversitĂ© des modes de glissement sur les failles. Dans cette thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons au glissement asismique Ă  la fois en contexte de subduction et en contexte dĂ©crochant. Nous Ă©tudions l'ensemble de la subduction mexicaine au niveau des rĂ©gions de Guerrero et Oaxaca, oĂč plusieurs sĂ©ismes lents ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©pertoriĂ©s, ainsi que le segment en glissement asismique d'Ismetpasa le long de la faille dĂ©crochante Nord-Anatolienne en Turquie. La carte de couplage (estimĂ© entre les grands sĂ©ismes lents) entre les plaques Cocos et Nord AmĂ©ricaine indique un couplage Ă©levĂ© et relativement homogĂšne en base de zone sismogĂ©nique. Cependant, des variations latĂ©rales de couplage importantes sont remarquables dans la zone sismogĂ©nique. En particulier, une zone de fort couplage Ă  Oaxaca est localisĂ©e Ă  l'emplacement de la rupture sismique de 1978 et a accumulĂ© un dĂ©ficit de glissement de 5 cm en 9 ans. Ces variations latĂ©rales de couplage sont corrĂ©lĂ©es avec les distances fosse-cĂŽte et des zones Ă  l'Ă©tat critiques sont localisĂ©es aux transitions entre faible et fort couplage. Ces observations suggĂšrent une pĂ©rennitĂ© au long-terme des motifs spatiaux de couplage. Nous proposons un mĂ©canisme de dĂ©formation durant la phase co-sismique, basĂ© sur l'existence de transitions frictionnelles sur le plan de subduction, qui permet de rĂ©concilier les vitesses intersismiques mesurĂ©es sur quelques dĂ©cennies et la morphologie long-terme. Ces vitesses intersismiques sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement considĂ©rĂ©es comme constantes sur plusieurs annĂ©es. Cependant, une analyse plus fine montre une riche dynamique temporelle, avec en particulier la prĂ©sence d'Ă©vĂšnements transitoires finis de magnitudes et durĂ©es variables. Nous avons suivi deux approches afin de dĂ©tecter et caractĂ©riser des glissements transitoires dans nos deux zones d'Ă©tude. (i) L'analyse d'un rĂ©seau dense d'interfĂ©rogrammes, obtenus Ă  partir de donnĂ©es InSAR des satellites CosmoSky-Med sur le segment de faille d'Ismetpasa, a permis de dĂ©tecter un Ă©vĂšnement de glissement transitoire d'un mois. EnregistrĂ© en Novembre 2013, aucun autre glissement n'a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© durant les 9 autres mois de l'analyse. Cet Ă©vĂšnement d'une magnitude de 5.2 Ă  5.5 a relĂąchĂ© une Ă©nergie Ă©quivalant Ă  1,5 Ă  2 ans de glissement asismique continu Ă  la vitesse moyenne prĂ©cĂ©demment estimĂ©e. Cette dĂ©couverte remet en question le modĂšle mĂ©canique de glissement de ce segment. (ii) Le dĂ©veloppement d'une mĂ©thode de corrĂ©lation entre des Ă©vĂšnements de glissements synthĂ©tiques et des sĂ©ries temporelles GPS prĂ©alablement traitĂ©es permet la dĂ©tection de glissements transitoires d'amplitude Ă©quivalente Ă  celle du bruit. AppliquĂ©e Ă  un jeu de donnĂ©es synthĂ©tiques sur la subduction mexicaine, cette mĂ©thode montre que l'on peut caractĂ©riser avec prĂ©cision des Ă©vĂšnements de Mw > 6. AppliquĂ©e Ă  des donnĂ©es rĂ©elles au niveau de la lacune sismique de Guerrero entre FĂ©vrier 2005 et Mai 2007, cette mĂ©thode a permis de dĂ©tecter 15 nouveaux Ă©vĂ©nements transitoires. Ces Ă©vĂšnements coĂŻncident temporellement avec de fortes activitĂ©s de trĂ©mors et LFEs et sont localisĂ©s aux pourtours du sĂ©isme lent de Mw 7.5 de 2006. Ces dĂ©tections permettent de mieux contraindre la loi d'Ă©chelle des glissements lents et d'Ă©clairer la dynamique spatiale et temporelles des Ă©vĂšnements transitoires en base de zone sismogĂ©nique.The development of space geodesy during the last decades has led to the discovery of the slip modes diversity on faults. In this thesis, we focus on aseismic slip on both subduction zones and continental strike slip faults. We study the subduction zone of Mexico, from Guerrero to Oaxaca regions, where large Slow Slip Events have been recorded, as well as the Ismetpasa creeping fault segment of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. The map of interplate coupling (in between large slow slip events) estimated between the Cocos and North America plates in Mexico shows a relatively high coupling coefficient, laterally homogeneous at the base of the seismogenic zone. Strong lateral coupling variations are notable within the seismogenic zone. A high coupling pattern in Oaxaca is located in the same area as the 1978 seismic rupture and has accumulated 5 cm of slip deficit in 9 years. Those lateral coupling variations are correlated with trench-coast distances. We show that critical state areas are located at the transitions between low and high coupling zones. These observations suggest a persistency of the coupling patterns over geological time scales. We propose a mechanism of deformation during the coseismic phase, related to the existence of frictional transitions on the subduction plane, that allows to reconcile decadal observations of interseismic velocities with the long term building of the coastal morphology. The interseismic velocities are generally considered to be constant over a few years. However, refined temporal analysis show the richness of their temporal dynamics, with evidences of slow slip events of various magnitudes and durations. We follow two different approaches to detect and characterize small amplitude slow slip events in our two study areas. (i) The dense network of interferograms with short repeat times acquired by the CosmoSky-Med constellation along the Ismetpasa fault segment allows to detect a month-long transient slip event. During the 9 other months of the analysis, no clear aseismic slip signal has been observed. With a Mw 5.2 - 5.5, this transient event has released an energy equivalent to the one that would be released during 1.5 - 2 years at the average creep rate estimated by previous studies. This discovery forces us to reconsider the mechanical model in place for this segment. (ii) The development of a correlation methodology between synthetic transient slip events and post-processed GPS time series allows to detect transient events with amplitude close to the GPS background noise. Applied to a synthetic dataset over the Mexican subduction zone, we show that this method is able to precisely detect and characterize Mw>6 events. Applied to real data between February 2005 and May 2007 in the Guerrero gap area, our new GPS-matched filter allows to detect 15 new events. Those events are temporally correlated with bursts of tremors and LFEs activity and are surrounding the Mw 7.5 2006 SSE. These detections enable to better characterise the slow slip events scaling law and shed a new light on the spatial interaction of slow slip events at the base of the seismogenic zone

    Le couplage intersismique et les glissements lents vus par la géodésie spatiale : applications à la subduction mexicaine et à la faille décrochante nord anatolienne

    No full text
    The development of space geodesy during the last decades has led to the discovery of the slip modes diversity on faults. In this thesis, we focus on aseismic slip on both subduction zones and continental strike slip faults. We study the subduction zone of Mexico, from Guerrero to Oaxaca regions, where large Slow Slip Events have been recorded, as well as the Ismetpasa creeping fault segment of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. The map of interplate coupling (in between large slow slip events) estimated between the Cocos and North America plates in Mexico shows a relatively high coupling coefficient, laterally homogeneous at the base of the seismogenic zone. Strong lateral coupling variations are notable within the seismogenic zone. A high coupling pattern in Oaxaca is located in the same area as the 1978 seismic rupture and has accumulated 5 cm of slip deficit in 9 years. Those lateral coupling variations are correlated with trench-coast distances. We show that critical state areas are located at the transitions between low and high coupling zones. These observations suggest a persistency of the coupling patterns over geological time scales. We propose a mechanism of deformation during the coseismic phase, related to the existence of frictional transitions on the subduction plane, that allows to reconcile decadal observations of interseismic velocities with the long term building of the coastal morphology. The interseismic velocities are generally considered to be constant over a few years. However, refined temporal analysis show the richness of their temporal dynamics, with evidences of slow slip events of various magnitudes and durations. We follow two different approaches to detect and characterize small amplitude slow slip events in our two study areas. (i) The dense network of interferograms with short repeat times acquired by the CosmoSky-Med constellation along the Ismetpasa fault segment allows to detect a month-long transient slip event. During the 9 other months of the analysis, no clear aseismic slip signal has been observed. With a Mw 5.2 - 5.5, this transient event has released an energy equivalent to the one that would be released during 1.5 - 2 years at the average creep rate estimated by previous studies. This discovery forces us to reconsider the mechanical model in place for this segment. (ii) The development of a correlation methodology between synthetic transient slip events and post-processed GPS time series allows to detect transient events with amplitude close to the GPS background noise. Applied to a synthetic dataset over the Mexican subduction zone, we show that this method is able to precisely detect and characterize Mw>6 events. Applied to real data between February 2005 and May 2007 in the Guerrero gap area, our new GPS-matched filter allows to detect 15 new events. Those events are temporally correlated with bursts of tremors and LFEs activity and are surrounding the Mw 7.5 2006 SSE. These detections enable to better characterise the slow slip events scaling law and shed a new light on the spatial interaction of slow slip events at the base of the seismogenic zone.L'avĂšnement de la gĂ©odĂ©sie spatiale ces derniĂšres dĂ©cennies a permis la dĂ©couverte de la diversitĂ© des modes de glissement sur les failles. Dans cette thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons au glissement asismique Ă  la fois en contexte de subduction et en contexte dĂ©crochant. Nous Ă©tudions l'ensemble de la subduction mexicaine au niveau des rĂ©gions de Guerrero et Oaxaca, oĂč plusieurs sĂ©ismes lents ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©pertoriĂ©s, ainsi que le segment en glissement asismique d'Ismetpasa le long de la faille dĂ©crochante Nord-Anatolienne en Turquie. La carte de couplage (estimĂ© entre les grands sĂ©ismes lents) entre les plaques Cocos et Nord AmĂ©ricaine indique un couplage Ă©levĂ© et relativement homogĂšne en base de zone sismogĂ©nique. Cependant, des variations latĂ©rales de couplage importantes sont remarquables dans la zone sismogĂ©nique. En particulier, une zone de fort couplage Ă  Oaxaca est localisĂ©e Ă  l'emplacement de la rupture sismique de 1978 et a accumulĂ© un dĂ©ficit de glissement de 5 cm en 9 ans. Ces variations latĂ©rales de couplage sont corrĂ©lĂ©es avec les distances fosse-cĂŽte et des zones Ă  l'Ă©tat critiques sont localisĂ©es aux transitions entre faible et fort couplage. Ces observations suggĂšrent une pĂ©rennitĂ© au long-terme des motifs spatiaux de couplage. Nous proposons un mĂ©canisme de dĂ©formation durant la phase co-sismique, basĂ© sur l'existence de transitions frictionnelles sur le plan de subduction, qui permet de rĂ©concilier les vitesses intersismiques mesurĂ©es sur quelques dĂ©cennies et la morphologie long-terme. Ces vitesses intersismiques sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement considĂ©rĂ©es comme constantes sur plusieurs annĂ©es. Cependant, une analyse plus fine montre une riche dynamique temporelle, avec en particulier la prĂ©sence d'Ă©vĂšnements transitoires finis de magnitudes et durĂ©es variables. Nous avons suivi deux approches afin de dĂ©tecter et caractĂ©riser des glissements transitoires dans nos deux zones d'Ă©tude. (i) L'analyse d'un rĂ©seau dense d'interfĂ©rogrammes, obtenus Ă  partir de donnĂ©es InSAR des satellites CosmoSky-Med sur le segment de faille d'Ismetpasa, a permis de dĂ©tecter un Ă©vĂšnement de glissement transitoire d'un mois. EnregistrĂ© en Novembre 2013, aucun autre glissement n'a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© durant les 9 autres mois de l'analyse. Cet Ă©vĂšnement d'une magnitude de 5.2 Ă  5.5 a relĂąchĂ© une Ă©nergie Ă©quivalant Ă  1,5 Ă  2 ans de glissement asismique continu Ă  la vitesse moyenne prĂ©cĂ©demment estimĂ©e. Cette dĂ©couverte remet en question le modĂšle mĂ©canique de glissement de ce segment. (ii) Le dĂ©veloppement d'une mĂ©thode de corrĂ©lation entre des Ă©vĂšnements de glissements synthĂ©tiques et des sĂ©ries temporelles GPS prĂ©alablement traitĂ©es permet la dĂ©tection de glissements transitoires d'amplitude Ă©quivalente Ă  celle du bruit. AppliquĂ©e Ă  un jeu de donnĂ©es synthĂ©tiques sur la subduction mexicaine, cette mĂ©thode montre que l'on peut caractĂ©riser avec prĂ©cision des Ă©vĂšnements de Mw > 6. AppliquĂ©e Ă  des donnĂ©es rĂ©elles au niveau de la lacune sismique de Guerrero entre FĂ©vrier 2005 et Mai 2007, cette mĂ©thode a permis de dĂ©tecter 15 nouveaux Ă©vĂ©nements transitoires. Ces Ă©vĂšnements coĂŻncident temporellement avec de fortes activitĂ©s de trĂ©mors et LFEs et sont localisĂ©s aux pourtours du sĂ©isme lent de Mw 7.5 de 2006. Ces dĂ©tections permettent de mieux contraindre la loi d'Ă©chelle des glissements lents et d'Ă©clairer la dynamique spatiale et temporelles des Ă©vĂšnements transitoires en base de zone sismogĂ©nique

    Faust Ou Les PremiÚres Amours D'Un Métaphysicien Romantique : PiÚce Du Théatre De Goethe ; Arrangé Pour La ScÚne Française, En Quatre Actes, En Prose / [Jean Baptiste Rousset]

    No full text
    FAUST OU LES PREMIÈRES AMOURS D'UN MÉTAPHYSICIEN ROMANTIQUE : PIÈCE DU THÉATRE DE GOETHE ; ARRANGÉ POUR LA SCÈNE FRANÇAISE, EN QUATRE ACTES, EN PROSE / [JEAN BAPTISTE ROUSSET] Faust Ou Les PremiĂšres Amours D'Un MĂ©taphysicien Romantique : PiĂšce Du ThĂ©atre De Goethe ; ArrangĂ© Pour La ScĂšne Française, En Quatre Actes, En Prose / [Jean Baptiste Rousset] (1) Einband (3) Titelseite (4) Avis (5) Acte Premier (6) Acte II. (24) Acte III. (31) Acte IV. (41
    • 

    corecore