The Confidence Database

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects

Temporal Encoding: Relative and absolute representations of time guide behavior

Temporal information-processing is critical for adaptive behavior and goal-directed action. It is thus crucial to understand how the temporal distance between behaviorally relevant events is encoded to guide behavior. However, research on temporal representations has yielded mixed findings as to whether organisms utilize relative versus absolute judgments of time intervals. To address this fundamental question about the timing mechanism, we tested mice in a duration discrimination procedure in which they learned to correctly categorize tones of different durations as short or long. After being trained on a pair of target intervals the mice transferred to conditions in which cue durations and corresponding response locations were systematically manipulated so that either the relative or absolute mapping remained constant. The findings indicate that transfer occurred most readily when relative relationships of durations and response locations were preserved. In contrast, when subjects had to re-map these relative relations, even when positive transfer initially occurred based on absolute mappings, their temporal discrimination performance was impaired, and they required extensive training to re-establish temporal control. These results demonstrate that mice can represent experienced durations both as having a certain magnitude (absolute representation) and as being shorter or longer of the two durations (an ordinal relation to other cue durations), with relational control having a more enduring influence in temporal discriminations

The timing database: An open-access, live repository for interval timing studies

Interval timing refers to the ability to perceive and remember intervals in the seconds to minutes range. Our contemporary understanding of interval timing is derived from relatively small-scale, isolated studies that investigate a limited range of intervals with a small sample size, usually based on a single task. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from individual studies are not readily generalizable to other tasks, conditions, and task parameters. The current paper presents a live database that presents raw data from interval timing studies (currently composed of 68 datasets from eight different tasks incorporating various interval and temporal order judgments) with an online graphical user interface to easily select, compile, and download the data organized in a standard format. The Timing Database aims to promote and cultivate key and novel analyses of our timing ability by making published and future datasets accessible as open-source resources for the entire research community. In the current paper, we showcase the use of the database by testing various core ideas based on data compiled across studies (i.e., temporal accuracy, scalar property, location of the point of subjective equality, malleability of timing precision). The Timing Database will serve as the repository for interval timing studies through the submission of new datasets.3659518

From AKP’s ‘Conservative Democracy’ to ‘Advanced Democracy’: Shifts and Challenges in the Debate on ‘Europe’

Following the AKP's victory in the 2002 general elections, 'conservative democracy' has emerged as a trademark in Turkish politics, focusing on cosmopolitanism and European integration. In the late 2000s, the party's favourite notion was 'advanced democracy', this time underlining Turkey's leadership claim in the region and displaying a more critical approach to 'Europe'. In this paper, I aim to show how different narratives on 'Europe' emerged within the context of these empty signifiers. The paper claims that the difference in the two narratives on 'Europe' in two different periods does not point to a complete and fully fledged de-Europeanisation trend

Psöriazisli hastalarda psoriatik artrit tarama araçlarında kullanılan parametrelerin performansı: Sistematik literatür taraması

Amaç: Psöriatik artrit (PsA), farklı hastalık belirtilerine sahip heterojen bir hastalıktır. Psöriazisli hastalarda PsA taraması için çeşitli araçlar geliştirilmiştir ve her biri çalışma popülasyonuna bağlı olarak performans açısından farklılıklar göstermektedir. PsA için optimal bir tarama aracı hala karşılanmamış bir ihtiyaçtır. Bu çalışmada mevcut PsA tarama araçlarının her bir parametresinin performansının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yöntem: PubMed’de 15 Ağustos 2020’ye kadar “psoriatic arthritis” anahtar kelimesini kullanarak sistematik bir literatür araştırması gerçekleştirdik. Başlık ve özetlerin 2 bağımsız araştırmacı tarafından taranmasının ardından, bir tarama testini bildiren İngilizce tam metinler belirlendi ve uyumsuzluklar üçüncü bir araştırmacı tarafından çözüldü. Tarama testinin her bir parametresinin duyarlılığı (Sn) ve özgüllüğünü (Sp) bildirilen çalışmalar dahil edildi. Hastalık domainleri şu şekilde gruplanmıştır; eklemler, daktilit, bel ağrısı, entezit, deri-tırnak tutulumu, sabah tutukluğu, fonksiyon, tedavi ve diğer. Hastalık domainleri açısından Sn VEYA Sp %80 olan maddeler analize alınmıştır. Bulgular: 10.754 referans arasında bir PsA tarama testini içeren 44 çalışma belirlendi ve 6 farklı aracın her bir parametresini performansını bildiren 7 çalışma dahil edilmiştir (Figür 1). Domainler için 32 farklı soru belirlenmiştir (Tablo 1). Domainler içerisinde eklemler (n=8), daktilit (n=5) ve fonksiyon (n=4) en fazla soruya sahiptir. Duyarlılığı %80’in üzerinde olan soruların dağılımı şu şekildedir; eklemler (n=2), daktilit (n=1), entezit (n=1), sabah tutukluğu (n=1), diğer (n=1). Özgünlüğü %80’in üzerinde olan soruların dağılımı şu şekildedir; eklemler (n=7), daktilit (n=4), fonksiyon (n=4), bel ağrısı (n=2), entezit (n=2), sabah tutukluğu(n=2), deri-tırnak tutulumu (n=1), diğer (n=1). Hem duyarlılığı hem de özgünlüğü %80 üzeri olan daktilit ile ilgili bir soru belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: Ülkemiz için geliştirilecek psöriazis hastalarını tarama sorgulamasında aday sorular bu literatür taraması ile belirlenmiştir. Farklı domain’lerde soruların duyarlılıkları göreceli olarak daha düşükken, özgünlükleri kabul edilir düzeyde bulunmuştur. Özellikle periferik eklemler, daktilit, fonksiyon, bel ağrısı ve entezit için olası aday sorular belirlenmiştir