DETECÇÃO MOLECULAR DE GRUPOS DE BACTÉRIAS FERMENTADORAS NO RÚMEN DE BOVINOS E BUBALINOS EM SANTARÉM-PA

The objective of this work was to detect groups of bacteria in the rumen content of buffaloes and cattle using molecular biology techniques. The samplings were carried out in the Fridge Mararu, in the city of Santarém-PA. Were collected 10 samples of ruminal fluid, being 5 to buffaloes and 5 of cattle. DNA extraction was performed according to the protocol of the Kit Brasílica based on silica. For the detection of bacteria, we used primers 16S L2 and 1472, AR and BR. It was used for PCR, a volume of 25 µl PCR kit Mix LGC 2X. The samples were run on 3% agarose gel stained with bromophenol blue and GelRed. The gel was visualized on a UV radiation. The primers used in the amplification of the region of the 16S rRNA gene was shown to be effective for the studies of detection of ruminal bacteria. It was observed the difference between cattle and buffalo, where the primers L2 and 1472 amplified in cattle the group of fibrolytic bacteria and in buffaloes the group of not fibrolytic bacteria. While the primers AR and BR amplified the group of not fibrolytic bacteria for cattle and the group of fibrolytic bacteria to Buffalo. The work of identification of ruminal bacteria in buffaloes is scarce, so the importance of the results found. There was a difference in the groups of microorganisms found in ruminants between buffaloes and cattle, and the type of primer used, showing the importance of the study of bacteria in the rumen. The study requires a larger approach, such as the sequencing of the DNA samples to better identify the species present within the different groups were detected. Other Molecular Biology techniques can be used for better accuracy of data found, such as the use of PCR in real time.O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar grupos de bactérias do conteúdo ruminal de bubalinos e bovinos utilizando técnicas de Biologia Molecular. As coletas foram realizadas no Frigorífico Mararu, na cidade de Santarém-PA. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de líquido ruminal, sendo 5 de bovinos e 5 de bubalinos. A extração de DNA foi realizada segundo o protocolo do Kit Brasílica baseado em sílica. Para a detecção das bactérias, foram utilizados os primers 16S L2 e 1472, AR e BR. Foi utilizado para a PCR, num volume de 25 μl, o kit PCR Mix LGC 2X. As amostras foram corridas em gel de agarose 3% corado com Azul de Bromofenol e GelRed. Após a corrida, o gel foi visualizado em radiação UV. Os primers utilizados na amplificação da região do gene 16S rRNA se mostraram eficientes para os estudos de detecção das bactérias ruminais. Foi observada a diferença entre bovinos e bubalinos, onde os primers L2 e 1472 amplificaram em bovinos o grupo de bactérias fibrolíticas e em bubalinos o grupo de bactérias não fibrolíticas. Enquanto os primers AR e BR amplificaram o grupo de bactérias não fibrolíticas para bovinos e o grupo de bactérias fibrolíticas para bubalinos. Os trabalhos de identificação de bactérias ruminais em bubalinos é escasso, por isso a importância dos resultados encontrados. Houve diferença nos grupos de microrganismos encontrados nos ruminantes entre bubalinos e bovinos, e no tipo de primer utilizado, mostrando a importância do estudo das bactérias presentes no rúmen. O estudo realizado necessita de uma abordagem maior, como o sequenciamento das amostras de DNA para se identificar melhor as espécies presentes dentro dos diferentes grupos detectados. Outras técnicas de Biologia Molecular podem ser utilizadas para uma melhor acurácia dos dados encontrados, como o uso da PCR em tempo real

Nutritional value of whole coconut, coconut powder, and coconut fiber treated with sodium hydroxide for sheep

ABSTRACT The growing consumption of green coconut - fresh and industrialized - in Brazil generates a large volume of wastes and coproducts that justifies the search for alternatives for their use in animal feeding. The most limiting factor to the inclusion of these coproducts in ruminant diets is their high fiber content, which may restrict intake and performance. The present study determined the composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of whole coconut, coconut powder, and coconut fiber treated with sodium hydroxide (0%, 3%, and 6%) and the effect of including whole coconut hydrolyzed with 6% sodium hydroxide at different concentrations (25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%) in the diet on apparent digestibility of nutrients, performance, and feeding behavior of sheep. Alkalinization decreased the hemicellulose, NDF, and ADF contents of the evaluated coproducts. Whole coconut and coconut powder provided greater in vitro degradation of DM compared with coconut fiber, with highest values obtained with the inclusion of 6% sodium hydroxide. Inclusion of whole coconut in the diets did not affect the intakes of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF, but influenced weight gain, feed conversion, and apparent digestibility of DM and NDF. Regarding the feeding behavior of the animals, the inclusion of whole coconut in the diet only affected their rumination time. Whole coconut hydrolyzed with 6% NAOH can be included in diets for feedlot sheep at up to 35% without reducing intake or weight gain

Levels of organochlorine contaminants in natural bovine milk marketed in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Brazil

Project 88881.159143/2017-01 funded by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Amazonia Foundation for Studies and Research in Pará (FAPESPA)Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Analyzing the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content in milk is relevant because it helps evaluate the quality of milk that reaches the consumer's table and also helps identify the geographical areas where there is a high possibility of contamination. Accordingly, this pilot project was aimed at determining the extent of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in fresh cow's milk in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The OCPs evaluated in this study were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β, γ, and δ), endosulfanα and β, and endosulfansulfate. None of the thirty bovine milk samples analyzed showed any contamination with OCPs. The OCP content was within the limit of quantification of the method. The results of this study add to the existing knowledge on the quality of bovine milk produced in these locations. However, further research on other environmental matrices is required to confirm the results obtained in this stud

ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DE SUELO EN SISTEMAS DE USOS DIFERENTE, ITACOATIARA-AM, BRASIL

The use of soil to implement several management systems, such as agriculture, livestock farming and agroforestry activities contribute to the depletion of the soil and the forest, reducing or increasing the levels of soil chemical attributes, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus and increase or decrease of active (pH) or exchangeable (Aluminum) acidity. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrients (calcium - Ca2+, magnesium - Mg2+, potassium - K+ and phosphorus - P), as well as aluminum - Al3+ and soil pH, under use systems: agroforestry system - SAFs and pasture - PA, comparing them to Primary Forest - PF, in the Rosenthal community in Itacoatiara-AM, Brazil. The soils were sampled in layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm deep, with samples composed of six single samples each. The distribution of nutrient contents (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , and P) considering the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers showed little variation, except for phosphorus, which obtained the highest concentration in the prospected layers. The distribution of calcium, magnesium, and potassium nutrients in the sampled soil layers decreased with depth. However, an inverse pattern was observed in the elevation of active soil acidity and aluminium levels. Soil macronutrients showed medium to high concentrations, with forest and SAFs as systems that preserve good levels of fertility.El uso del suelo para implementar varios sistemas de gestión, como la agricultura, la ganadería y las actividades agroforestales contribuyen al agotamiento del suelo y del bosque, reduciendo o aumentando los niveles de los atributos químicos del suelo, como el calcio, el magnesio, el potasio y fósforo y aumento o disminución de la acidez activa (pH) o intercambiable (aluminio). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los macronutrientes (calcio – Ca2+, magnesio – Mg2+, potasio – K+ y fósforo -, P), así como aluminio - Al3 + y pH del suelo, bajo sistemas de uso: sistema agroforestal - SAF y pastos - AP, comparándolos con el bosque primario - FP, en la comunidad Rosenthal en Itacoatiara, estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Los suelos se muestrearon en capas de 0-10 cm y 10-20 cm de profundidad, con muestras compuestas de seis muestras individuales cada una. La distribución del contenido de nutrientes (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ y P) considerando las capas de 0-10 y 10-20 cm mostró poca variación, a excepción del fósforo, que obtuvo la concentración más alta en las capas prospectadas. La distribución de nutrientes de calcio, magnesio y potasio en las capas de suelo muestreadas disminuyó con la profundidad. Sin embargo, se observó un patrón inverso en la elevación de la acidez activa del suelo y los niveles de aluminio. Los macronutrientes del suelo tienen concentraciones de media a altas, con bosques y SAFs como sistemas que preservan buenos niveles de fertilidad

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved