A gestão escolar democrática na educação de jovens e adultos: um estudo na Escola E. E. F. M. professor Luiz Gonzaga de Albuquerque Burity

School Management in the field of Youth and a Adults Education, its role in construction of a Democratic and active Management. Construction of the social historic journey of the school management within our contry, emphasizing to the main aspects to the consolidation of a management that excels for a critical rflection of the world around us. Following we try to realize the basic concepts of our reflection; and than investigate conceptually how come it has to be used the vision of a management that privileges effective paticipation of all the social actores involved in the school community. Our studying field contempled the EJA; We choose to acomplish a qualitative search using observation and interview tecnics. Looking to answer our objective outlined in our planning, our field of search was the Teacher Luiz Gonzaga de Albuquerque Burity secondary public school where 7 people were interviewed, like 2 managers and 5 studants. This search was substantiated in the works of Libâneo (2004); Santos e Moreira (2016); Minayo (2001), among athers authors consulted as a thcorical reference to subsidize the analysis once that they defend a School management by the participation and democratic and participative model, and try to use it, but we observe the diffiwties. But the presence of the management with the clienteles enables the reality of the clientele, that corroborates a management action based on democracy and participation in the area of significant improvement of the EJA shifts to make sure the inclusion and respect for their specificities.A Gestão Escolar no âmbito da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, seu papel na construção de uma Gestão Democrática e Participativa. Construção da trajetória histórica social da gestão escolar em nosso país, dando ênfase aos aspectos fundamentais para a consolidação de uma gestão que prima pela reflexão crítica do mundo a nossa volta. Em seguida tratamos traçar os conceitos basilares de nossa reflexão; para assim investigar conceitualmente como deve ser colocada em prática uma visão de gestão que privilegia a participação efetiva de todos os atores sociais envolvidos na comunidade escolar. Nosso campo de estudo contemplou a modalidade da EJA; optamos por realizar uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, utilizamos técnicas de observação e entrevista. Buscando responder nossos objetivos traçados no nosso planejamento, nosso campo de pesquisa foi Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Professor Luiz Gonzaga de Albuquerque Burity, da rede pública de ensino, onde participaram das entrevistas 7 pessoas, sendo 2 gestores e 5 alunos. Esta pesquisa foi fundamentada nas obras de Libâneo (2004); Santos e Moreira (2016); Minayo (2001), entre outros autores que foram consultados como referencial teórico para subsidiar a análise, uma vez que estes defendem a Gestão Escolar como meio de participação e democratização do ensino no âmbito escolar. Durante as pesquisas, percebemos que a gestão escolar tem conhecimento do modelo de gestão democrática e participativa, e tenta colocá-la em prática, porém observamos as dificuldades presentes. Mas a presença da Gestão junto à clientela possibilita a tomada de decisões coerentes com a realidade da clientela, o que corrobora com uma ação gestora pautada na democracia e na participação no âmbito da melhora significativa das turmas da EJA, para lhes assegurar inclusão e respeito às suas especificidade

GENETIC PARAMETERS IN SEED CHARACTERS OF Ormosia discolor UNDER DIFFERENT AMBIENT CONDITIONS

Ormosia discolor Spruce ex Benth. is a native tree of the Amazon with has fast growth and nodulation capacity, whose seeds are used for craftwork. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters in seed characters of O. discolor at different ambient temperatures and to indicate superior matrices to compose seed lots. Seeds of 20 progenies selected from a population in the state of Amazonas were collected. Three experiments were performed under different ambient temperatures at the Seed Center laboratory/UFAM. Experiment 1 was performed at constant temperature of 30 °C. In experiment 2, seeds were submitted to a temperature of 35 °C. In experiment 3, after five months of freezing, the seeds were submitted to a temperature of 30 °C. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 20 progenies, four replicates, and 25 seeds per plot. The germination characters evaluated were germination rate, mean germination time, and synchronization and speed germination indexes. Genetic and phenotypic variances and correlations, broad-sense heritability, and genetic gain through direct selection were estimated. O.discolor progenies showed significant genetic variability for most of the characters evaluated. High heritability and accuracy values (> 90%) were found for germination rates at all ambient temperatures. Matrices 2, 7, and 16 were superior for germination characters at all temperatures tested, being indicated for seedling production. Eighteen O. discolor seeds are sufficient for biometric analysis with accuracy of 95% in genotype selection.

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types