Suitable dietary protein/lipid of hybrid, female red sea bream Pagrus major and Male Black Sea Bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli in Juvenile Stage, as compared with Red Sea Bream

To determine a suitable dietary protein/lipid (CP/CL) ratio in the early juvenile stages of hybrid porgy (F1), female red sea bream (RSB) × male black sea bream, five diets with various CP/CL ratios—60/7, 55/12, 51/17, 46/23, and 41/28—were prepared and provided to juveniles in triplicate. At the smaller juvenile stage, F1, weighing 0.32 g, a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were seen with 60/7 and 55/12 diets. However, in RSB weighing 0.26 g, SGR and FE were higher with the 60/7 diet than the other diets at 21°C. At the larger juvenile stage, F1, weighing 3.7 g, there was no significant difference in SGR or FE among the diets, but RSB weighing 4.0 g fed 60/7, 55/12, and 51/17 diets had higher SGR and FE than 46/23 and 41/28 diets at 24°C. Moreover, survival and apparent nutrient retention of F1 at both stages were significantly higher than those in RSB. These results indicate that both F1 and RSB weighing ca. 0.3 g require a higher dietary CP/CL than those weighing ca. 4 g. Additionally, F1 in both trials showed the suitability of a lower dietary CP/CL than RSB, indicating that mass production of F1 juveniles will be more economical than RSB

The performances of hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus fed with defatted soybean meal-based feeds with supplementation of phytase

Fish meal is the primary protein ingredient in fish feed and this material is expensive and non-renewable. However, the use of plant protein in marine fish feed such as soybean meal products are limited due to anti-nutritional factor that hindered fish performances. Therefore, hybrid grouper, a cross between tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) was evaluated using defatted soybean meal (DSM) based feed and phytase. DSM- based feeds (30% of protein replacement) with supplementation of phytase at 0 and 2000 FTU/kg dosages, as well as a control feed (CON) comprised completely of fish meal (FM) was given to the hybrid grouper with an initial body weight of 6.2±0.0g. Each experimental feed was formulated with 50% of crude protein and 12% of crude lipid. The fish were raised in 100L fiberglass tanks equipped with a flow-through water system for each triplicate treatment. The hybrid grouper was fed with the respective feeds twice a day until the perceived satiation level for 12 weeks. Hybrid grouper fed CON and DSM-based feed did not exhibit any significant difference in growth. However, hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed grew larger compared to that fed with CON. Hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed showed significantly higher feed intake, lower net protein utilization, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) protein values (p<0.05). The value of ADC of phosphorus was slightly higher in DSM-based feed supplemented with phytase at a dosage of 2000 FTU/kg. No significant effect was observed on body proximate composition, morphological condition of the intestine, and ADC of lipids in all the treatments. The results show that hybrid grouper can effectively consume 30% DSM-based feed and supplementing phytase did not affect the fish performances

Dietary vitamin C requirement of hybrid, female red sea bream, pagrus major x male black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

In order to clarify the dietary vitamin C (AsA) requierment of the hybrid, we used L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate Mg (APM) as an AsA source and examined on weight gain, growth performance, and hepatic and cephalic AsA contents. The hybrid weighing 15 g were fed with diets including 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg APM/kg up to apparent satiety, three times a day, six days a week for 6 weeks. The feeding trial was conducted on three replicates. Final mean body weight of hybrid fed the diets became 5 times of initial mean body weight without significant differences among the dietary treatments, together with feed efficiency, carcass proximate composition except crude ash and nutrient retentions. Hepatic AsA contents of hybrid fed 50-200 mg APM diets were slightly higher than that fed 0 mg APM diet. Cephalic AsA contents of the hybrid fed 50-200 mg AsA diets reached a plateau level, significantly higher than that fed 0 mg AsA diet. While, no difficiency sign of AsA was observed throughout the feeding trial. These results reveal that the hybrid require no more than 50 mg APM/kg diet, calculating18 mg AsA/kg diet, which may be scarce as compared with red sea bream as well as other cultured fishes

Dietary soybean meal utilization with phytase supplementation for hybrid F1, red sea bream (♀) × black sea bream (♂)

The efficacy of replacing dietary fish meal with soybean meal for juvenile F1, red sea bream, Pagrus major female×black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli male, was assayed by growth and digestive performances. The F1 in triplicate tanks were fed each of following four diets: 46% fish meal (F), 30% fish meal＋20% soybean meal (S₂₀), 15% fish meal＋40% soybean meal (S₄₀) and S₄₀＋2500 phytase units (PU) /kg diet (S₄₀P) for 12 weeks. In F1, the diets S₂₀ and S₄₀P showed similar growth performance to that of F and S₄₀, but S₄₀ had significantly lower specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and energy efficiency as compared with F diet. The diet S₄₀ also led lower nutrient and phosphorus retentions than other diets, while the dietary treatments did not alter carcass and liver proximate compositions. Moreover, diet S₄₀P produced higher apparent nutrient and phosphorus digestibility than diet S₄₀, resulting in lower phosphorus discharge into surrounding water mass. These results reveal that a suitable replacement level of dietary fish meal with soybean meal is recommended about 67% with the co-supplementation of phytase at/under 2500 PU/kg diet under the experimental conditions used here

Soy protein concentrate as an alternative in replacement of fish meal in the feeds of hybrid grouper, brown-marbled grouper

Hybrid grouper juveniles (body weight, 6.1 ± 0.7 g) (brown‐marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × giant grouper, E. lanceolatus) were fed with six isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (12% crude lipid) feeds containing different levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in replacement of fish meal (SPC at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% protein) and control feed (SPC0) for 6 weeks. Hybrid grouper juveniles were cultured in 100‐L fibreglass tank equipped with flow‐through water system and fed twice a day to apparent satiation level. The highest and lowest growth was recorded in fish fed SPC20 and SPC60 respectively. However, growth of SPC20 was not significantly higher than those fed SPC0, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 (p > .05). A decreasing growth trend was observed with the increasing level of SPC from feed SPC40 to SPC60. A noticeable better feed utilization was also observed in fish fed SPC0, SPC20, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 compared to fish fed SPC60 (p < .05). The fish condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and whole body proximate content of the fish were not affected by the graded levels of SPC. However, the body lipid content was significantly lower in fish fed SPC40 to SPC60 (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid was significantly higher in fish fed SPC0 and SPC20 compared to other dietary treatments (p < .05). Based on the regression analysis on specific growth rate, the study suggests that the hybrid grouper grow best at 21.4% and can utilize up to 50% inclusion level of SPC in protein without significantly affect their growth and its body condition

Dietary supplementation of salmon roe phospholipid enhances the growth and survival of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis larvae and juveniles

Previous studies have shown that feeding enriched Artemia induces growth failure in Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) Thunnus orientalis larvae. This growth failure cannot be improved even if the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in enriched Artemia is elevated to the same level as that in yolk-sac larvae, an ideal live feed for PBT larviculture. This might be caused by the differences in the DHA in the live feeds; i.e., yolk-sac larvae of marine fish have a high level of DHA in the larval phospholipids (PLs) but enriched Artemia store DHA in their neutral lipids (NLs). To test this hypothesis two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary PL rich in DHA on growth and survival of PBT larvae (Experiment 1) and juveniles (Experiment 2). Three isoproteic and isolipidic artificial test diets (Diets 1, 2 and 3) and two reference live feeds (Diets 4 and 5) were prepared. Diets 1 and 3 were supplemented with NL and PL fractions of commercial salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha roe lipid (SRL) as the lipid source, respectively, whereas Diet 2 was supplemented with a mixture of both lipid fractions. Diets 4 and 5 were enriched Artemia and yolk-sac larvae of Japanese parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus, respectively. Diets 1, 3, 4 and 5 were given to PBT larvae for 10 days, whereas Diets 1, 2 and 3 were fed to PBT juveniles for 10 days. In Experiment 1, the growth and survival of PBT larvae fed Diet 3 (high PL fraction) were significantly improved when compared with larvae fed Diets 1 and 4, although the best growth and survival were obtained in larvae fed Diet 5. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2; i.e., growth and survival were significantly improved in PBT juveniles fed Diets 2 and 3. In both experiments, fish fed Diets 2, 3 and/or 5 had higher total lipid contents, TAG levels, n-3 HUFA and/or DHA levels in NL fraction of the body when compared with fish fed Diets 1 or 4, while such a difference was not observed in the PL fraction. In juveniles over 90% of deaths were caused by collisions with the tank walls and the significant difference in mortality between treatments implies diet also affects behavior. SRL PL is concluded to enhance the growth and survival of PBT larvae and juveniles along with the accumulation of storage lipid and DHA in the body

The performances of hybrid grouper, epinephelus Fuscoguttatus × e. Lanceolatus fed with defatted soybean mealbased feeds with supplementation of phytase

Fish meal is the primary protein ingredient in fish feed and this material is expensive and non-renewable. However, the use of plant protein in marine fish feed such as soybean meal products are limited due to anti-nutritional factor that hindered fish performances. Therefore, hybrid grouper, a cross between tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) was evaluated using defatted soybean meal (DSM) based feed and phytase. DSM- based feeds (30% of protein replacement) with supplementation of phytase at 0 and 2000 FTU/ kg dosages, as well as a control feed (CON) comprised completely of fish meal (FM) was given to the hybrid grouper with an initial body weight of 6.2±0.0g. Each experimental feed was formulated with 50% of crude protein and 12% of crude lipid. The fish were raised in 100L fiberglass tanks equipped with a flow-through water system for each triplicate treatment. The hybrid grouper was fed with the respective feeds twice a day until the perceived satiation level for 12 weeks. Hybrid grouper fed CON and DSM-based feed did not exhibit any significant difference in growth. However, hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed grew larger compared to that fed with CON. Hybrid grouper fed with DSM-based feed showed significantly higher feed intake, lower net protein utilization, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) protein values (p<0.05). The value of ADC of phosphorus was slightly higher in DSM-based feed supplemented with phytase at a dosage of 2000 FTU/kg. No significant effect was observed on body proximate composition, morphological condition of the intestine, and ADC of lipids in all the treatments. The results show that hybrid grouper can effectively consume 30% DSM-based feed and supplementing phytase did not affect the fish performances

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Comparison of the apparent digestibility coefficient among replicates and different stocking density in red sea bream, Pagrus major

[注記]クロマグロ等の魚類養殖産業支援型研究拠点（飼料・食品安全性・加工グループ: Fish Nutrition・Food Safety・Food Processing Group