The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition for the symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease

Elements of the endocannabinoid system are strongly expressed in the basal ganglia where they suffer profound rearrangements after dopamine depletion. Modulation of the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol by inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase alters glial phenotypes and provides neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we assessed whether inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase could also provide beneficial effects on the time course of this disease. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, was administered chronically to mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTPp) over 5weeks. URB597 (1mg/kg) prevented MPTPp induced motor impairment but it did not preserve the dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway or regulate glial cell activation. The symptomatic relief of URB597 was confirmed in haloperidol-induced catalepsy assays, where its anti-cataleptic effects were both blocked by antagonists of the two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and abolished in animals deficient in these receptors. Other fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, JNJ1661010 and TCF2, also had anti-cataleptic properties. Together, these results demonstrate an effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition on the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in two distinct experimental models that is mediated by cannabinoid receptors.This work was supported by the projects PI14/02070 and SAF2012-39875-C02-01 from the Spanish Government (Plan estatal I+D+I 2013–2016 and ISCIII-FEDER), Fundación Gangoiti and the UTE-project/Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA). Estefanía Rojo is supported by a predoctoral fellowship from Colfuturo. Partial support was also provided by the Research and Education Program of the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment at the Medical College of Wisconsi

Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition for the symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease

Elements of the endocannabinoid system are strongly expressed in the basal ganglia where they suffer profound rearrangements after dopamine depletion. Modulation of the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol by inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase alters glial phenotypes and provides neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we assessed whether inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase could also provide beneficial effects on the time course of this disease. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, was administered chronically to mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTPp) over 5weeks. URB597 (1mg/kg) prevented MPTPp induced motor impairment but it did not preserve the dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway or regulate glial cell activation. The symptomatic relief of URB597 was confirmed in haloperidol-induced catalepsy assays, where its anti-cataleptic effects were both blocked by antagonists of the two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and abolished in animals deficient in these receptors. Other fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, JNJ1661010 and TCF2, also had anti-cataleptic properties. Together, these results demonstrate an effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition on the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in two distinct experimental models that is mediated by cannabinoid receptors.This work was supported by the projects PI14/02070 and SAF2012-39875-C02-01 from the Spanish Government (Plan estatal I+D+I 2013–2016 and ISCIII-FEDER), Fundación Gangoiti and the UTE-project/Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA). Estefanía Rojo is supported by a predoctoral fellowship from Colfuturo. Partial support was also provided by the Research and Education Program of the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment at the Medical College of Wisconsi

Desarrollo de técnicas de generación de plasmas de aplicación industrial

IP 1119-05-400-93controlador basado en conocimiento difuso / M. Arroyave, F.N Toro, P. Arango A, Alfonso De Via Cubillos - En:;Revista Colombiana de Fisica - vol. 32 No 1 (2000); p. 243-246-ISSN 01202650 - Identificacion automatizada;de lineas atomicas en espectros de emision de plasmas / W.Ramirez, G. Castellanos, E. Restrepo, Alfonso De;Via, P. Arango - En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica - vol. 31 No2(1999); p. 177-180 - ISSN 01202650 -;Estabilidad para el problema MHD en placas perforadas y paralelas / Alfonso De Via, J. Botero, M. Arroyave, W.;Rivera - En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica vol. 31 No 2 (1999);p. 185-188- ISSN 01202650 - Evaluacion de las;caracteristicas superficiales de peliculas de dioxido de estañopor STM /W. Rivera, L.H Tamayo, Alfonso De;Via - En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica vol. 31 No 2 (1999); p.247-250 - ISSN 01202650 - Interaccion entre;fisica e ingenieria para el direccionamiento de la investigacionhacia eldesarrollo tecnologico / Y. S;Hincapie, C.B Perez, Alfonso De Via, J. Pinzon, P.J Arango'- en:Revista Colombiana de Fisica vol. 31 No 2;(1999); p. 384-387 - ISSN 01202650 - Obtencion de funciond ajuste por redneuronal para sensor pirani en un;controlador de presion / M. Arroyave, P. Arango, Alfonso De Via,N. Toro -En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica;vol. 31 No 2 (1999); p. 423-427 - Flujos disipativos magnetohidrodinamicos/ Alfonso De Via, A. Morales, F.;Angulo - En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica vol. 27 No 1 (1995);p. 141-146'- Calculo de La funcion de;dispersion del plasma / Alfonso De Via, G. Gonzalez, F. Angulo-En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica vol. 27 No 1;(1995); p. 178-182 - Variables y ventajas del proceso de polimerizacion enplasma / Andres F. Rojas, Jairo A.;Ortiz, Elizabeth Restrepo, Alfonso De Via - En: NOOS No 6(septiembre de 1998); p. 85-93 - ISSN 01235591 -;Cinetica de la formacion de una pelicula de nitruro de titanio/Andres F.Rojas, Alfonso De Via Cubillos,;Rafael Alzate S. - En: NOOS No 9 (junio de 1999); p. 115-1-19-ISSN 01235591 - Efecto del numero de descargas;en el espesor del recubrimiento de nitruro de titanio / AndresF. Rojas, Alfonso De Via Cubillos, Rafael;delgadas de tin / P.J Arango, M, Arroyave, Alfonso De Via,J.JBotero - En: Revista Colombiana de Fisica -;vol. 32 No 1 (2000); p. 229-231 - ISSN 01202650 - Controlde corriente endescargas glow utilizando un;Alzate S.-- En: NOOS No 9 (junio de1999); p. 140-145 -- ISSN 01235591.;ARTICULO(S) EN REVISTA: Electromagnetic oscillations in cylindrical plasmas with electron beams interactions;/ P.J. Arango, H.Barco, Alfonso De Via Cubillos - En: Astrophysics and space science. - No. 256 (1998); p.;321-326. - Tin production in a glow discharge / P.J Arango, A.FRojas, C.APeña, J.A Ortiz, E.Restrepo,;Alfonso De Via Cubillos - En: Astrophysics and space science.-No. 256 (1998); p. 517-521. PONENCIA(S);CONGRESO: Electron temperature using a double probe in a plasma/ Latin american workshop in plasma physics :;La Serena Club Resort 13-17 November 2000 La Serena, Chile'- en:Latin american workshop in plasma physics;(2000 nov. 13-17 La Serena, Chile). - Facultad de Fisica,Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile - 29 cm. -;Produccion de peliculas duras a base de carbono por cvd ypvd/Wayner Rivera Marquez, Alfonso Devia, Luis A.;Garcia, Mauricio Arroyave, Cruz M.Torres. - En: IV Tallerde recubrimientos duros, San Jose, Costa Rica 18-22;de junio de 2000 / Taller de Recubrimientos Duros (4 : 2000 jun.18-22 : San Jose, Costa Rica). - San Jose,;Costa Rica : [s.n], 2000. - Implementacion de un sistema de medida para lacaracterizacion electrica y;magnetica del plasma / L.A Garcia, J.Arango, A.Pulsara, E.Gonzalez, P.Arango, Alfonso Devia : Centro de;Convenciones: Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo junio 28 - julio 2 1999 Santa Fe de Bogotá - En: XVIII Congreso Nacional;de Fisica (1999 junio 28 - julio 2 Santa Fe de Bogotá) - Universidad Nacional de Colombia - 29 cm. - Automated;sistem coatings for a pvd process / M.Arroyave, Alfonso DeVia,P.Arango,N.Toro, E.Restrepo : Latin American;worksshop on plasma physics : Tandil- Buenos Aires - ArgentinaEn: Latin american workshop on plasma physics;(1998 noviembre 16-27 Tandil - Buenos Aires - Argentina).'- Tandil - Buenos Aires - Argentina : 1998 - Growth;of polymers film in a glow dc plasma / A.F Rojas, J.A Ortiz, Alfonso De Via. : Latin American worksshop on;plasma physics (1998 noviembre 16-27 Tandil- Buenos Aires'- Argentina). -Tandil - Buenos Aires - Argentina :;1998 - Electromagnetic oscillation in cylindrical plasmaswithelectron beam interaction / Alfonso De Via, P.J;Arango, H.Arango En: Latin america workshop on plasma physics(1997 junio20-31 Caracas Venezuela). - Caracas;Venezuela : 1997 - Tin production in a dc glow discharge /P.JArango, Alfonso De Via, A.F Rojas, C.A Pea, A.J;Ortiz, E. Restrepo En: Latin america workshop on plasma physics(1997 junio 20-31 Caracas Venezuela). -;Caracas Venezuela : 1997 - ARTICULO(S) EN REVISTA: Estudiodeenlaces y modos vibracionales de alopodos del;carbono por FTIR / W. Rivera, C.M Torres, Alfonso De Via -En:Revista Colombiana de Fisica - vol. 32 No 1;(2000); p. 21-24 -- ISSN 01202650 - Calculo de la temperaturaelectronicade un plasma producido en una;descarga pulsada utilizando su espectro de emision / E. Restrepo, W. Ramirez, Alfonso De Via, P. Arango - En:;Revista Colombiana de Fisica - vol. 32 No 1 (2000); p. 225-228-- ISSN 01202650 - Caracterizacion de pelicula

Voces de la gestión territorial. Estrategias complementarias para la conservación de la biodiversidad en Colombia

Colombia es un país con una alta riqueza biológica y cultural, tan diverso en su territorio como en las estrategias de conservación que en él se implementan. Sin embargo, muchas de estas estrategias no se han dado a conocer lo suficiente, lo que hace difícil su articulación a los procesos de gestión y ordenamiento del territorio. Existen algunos avances en su identificación como los ejercicios que se han realizado en los sistemas regionales de áreas protegidas para recopilar la información sobre estrategias complementarias de conservación en sus jurisdicciones, la articulación que realizan organizaciones privadas para identificar las iniciativas de conservación voluntaria por parte de la sociedad civil y el trabajo realizado por comunidades campesinas, indígenas y afrodescendientes para visibilizar sus áreas de conservación. Este libro, por lo tanto, tiene como objetivo visibilizar experiencias de conservación y gestión de la biodiversidad, diferentes a las áreas protegidas, teniendo en cuenta que el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica a través de la Meta Aichi 11 introduce el concepto de otras medidas efectivas de conservación basadas en áreas (OMEC) o áreas conservadas como instrumentos para lograr sistemas de conservación más completos, representativos y efectivamente gestionados (UNEP CDB, 2010). Esperamos sea un aporte para llenar un vacío de conocimiento acerca de dichas estrategias, mostrando sus principales características, los diferentes tipos de gobernanza con los que cuentan, sus mecanismos de implementación, fortalezas y debilidades, aprendizajes y cómo estos pueden ser aplicados a la gestión de la biodiversidad en el territorio.Servicios ecosistémicosGobernanzaManejo de territoriosDeforestación de bosquesPérdida y degradaciónEcosistemasComunidades localesConservación de la biodiversida

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care