Caracterização e estrutura genéticas da cultivar de oliveira 'cobrançosa' e sua relação com o zambujeiro

Tese de mestrado, Biologia (Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia), 2007, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de CiênciasA oliveira é uma das espécies cultivadas com maior importância cultural e económica na bacia do Mediterrâneo (Ribeiro 1991). A 'Cobrançosa' é uma cultivar Portuguesa com muita importância na região de Trás-os-Montes encontrando-se actualmente disseminada por 6 regiões de Denominação de Origem Protegida (MADRP 2007). De modo a garantir a qualidade do azeite e aumentar a sua produção, é necessário seleccionar e certificar as árvores desta cultivar. Foram utilizados 10 loci associados a microssatélites para caracterizar e avaliar a estrutura genética de seis populações de 'Cobrançosa' e sua relação com outras cultivares e com o zambujeiro. Os parâmetros de diversidade como a heterozigosidade esperada e observada foram calculados. Determinou-se a distância genética entre acessos de acordo com [1 − proporção de alelos partilhados] (Dps) (Bowcock et al. 1994). A matriz resultante foi utilizada para estabelecer as relações fenéticas entre os acessos e para avaliar a eventual estrutura genética entre as diferentes populações. Não se detectou diferenciação entre as seis populações de 'Cobrançosa' avaliadas. Nesta cultivar foram detectados em média 5.4 ± 1.7 alelos por locus, sendo que, em média, 2.6 ± 1.3 tinham uma frequência inferior a 5% que poderão ser úteis, se à sua presença estiverem associadas determinadas características de valor agronómico. O valor médio de diversidade genética foi de 0.511 ± 0.203 o que permite perspectivar um processo de melhoramento desta cultivar de modo a fazer face às exigências do mercado do azeite. Embora a maior parte das árvores da cultivar 'Cobrançosa' seja geneticamente muito semelhante, verificou-se que esta cultivar parece ter uma origem policlonal. Com este trabalho foi possível desenvolver padrões de microssatélites que permitem a identificação dos acessos da cultivar 'Cobrançosa' e inclusive a detecção de sete árvores que possivelmente estarão incorrectamente identificadas como pertencendo a essa cultivarOlive is one of the most economically important species in the Mediterranean Basin (Ribeiro 1991). 'Cobrançosa' is a Portuguese cultivar with great importance in Trás-os- Montes region and is currently being cultivated in all six regions of Protected Origin Denomination (MADRP 2007). To guarantee olive oil quality and to enhance its productivity it is necessary to select and certify the trees from this cultivar. In this study 10 microsatellite loci were used to characterize and evaluate the genetic structure of six populations of 'Cobrançosa' and its relationships with other cultivars and with its wild relatives, oleasters. Diversity parameters like expected and observed heterozygosity were calculated. The genetic distance between the accessions was calculated according to [1 − proportion of shared alleles] (Dps) (Bowcock et al. 1994). The resulting matrix was used to establish the phenetic relationships among accessions and to evaluate the partitioning of the genetic variance observed. No differentiation among the 'Cobrançosa' populations was detected. A mean of 5.4 ± 1.7 alleles per locus were detected of which 2.6 ± 1.3 had a frequency below 5%. These rare alleles can be useful if some attractive agronomic characteristics are associated to their presence. The mean value of genetic diversity was 0.511 ± 0.203 which allows for the establishment of an improvement program to face the demands of the olive oil industry. Although most of the 'Cobrançosa' accessions evaluated were genetically similar, it was demonstrated that this cultivar has indeed a polyclonal origin. With this work it was possible to develop microsatellite profiles to identify the accessions of the 'Cobrançosa' cultivar including the detection of trees that were incorrectly identified has belonging to this cultiva

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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