Estudio de prefactibilidad para la instalación de una planta de producción de una bebida probiótica tipo yogurt de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa)

Actualmente, los consumidores son más exigentes al momento de seleccionar un producto de consumo diario. De acuerdo con Nielsen (2016), líder global en medición de lo que los consumidores ven y compran: “cada vez son más los consumidores en el mundo que modifican sus hábitos alimenticios motivados por sensibilidad alimentaria, alergias, deseo de mantenerse saludables o convicciones personales” (párr. 1). Bajo este contexto, la bebida probiótica tipo yogurt elaborada a base de “leche” extraída de la quinua, es la propuesta innovadora que se expone en este proyecto. Se desea demostrar si una planta de producción del mencionado producto resultaría rentable o no. Con el objetivo de demostrar esta hipótesis, se empezó desarrollando el estudio de mercado para el producto, el cual será comercializado en botellas de vidrio con 1 litro de contenido de producto. Se determinó a la población de Lima urbana que pertenece a los segmentos socioeconómicos de tipo A y B como el mercado objetivo del presente estudio. Se calculó la demanda de proyecto utilizando la demanda de yogurt de origen animal y además en informes del crecimiento del mercado de productos libres de lactosa en Perú de los últimos 15 años, esto debido a que no se poseen datos exactos de históricos de consumo de bebidas probióticas tipo yogurt de origen vegetal. Posteriormente, se segmentó el mercado en base a la población de Lima Metropolitana, a los sectores socioeconómicos de tipo A y B y la edad del consumidor. Después la demanda fue ajustada con los resultados de la encuesta, los cuales fueron la intención de compra y la intensidad de la misma. Dicha encuesta fue realizada a 508 personas. Finalmente, se consideró el porcentaje de participación de mercado que se desea alcanzar. Posterior a ello, se realizó un estudio de localización, utilizando el método de ranking de factores, mediante el cual se pudo obtener como ubicación óptima el distrito de Ventanilla en el Callao. De la misma manera, se calculó el tamaño óptimo de la planta de producción, analizando el mercado, requerimiento de materia prima, necesidad de tecnología y el punto de equilibrio. En consecuencia, se determinó que el tamaño óptimo sería 534 580 botellas de producción anual. Para el área de producción, se determinó la tecnología necesaria a ser utilizada, se realizó un análisis HACCP para la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos, se elaboró la matriz de Leopold para identificar los impactos ambientales del proyecto y también se elaboró una matriz IPERC para determinar los peligros y riesgos dentro de la planta y proponer acciones a tomar. De acuerdo al diseño de la cadena de suministro, la distribución del producto se dará a través de un canal de una etapa. El producto será comercializado en supermercado, autoservicios y tiendas vegetarianas o especializadas. Se realizó el cálculo de insumos, servicios y personal de la planta de producción, de acuerdo al programa de producción, el cual fue elaborado a partir del tamaño de planta y la demanda a cubrir. Posteriormente, en el Capítulo V., Ingeniería del Proyecto, se determinó el tamaño de cada área interior y el área total, 884 m2. Por último, se analizó el presupuesto y se llevó a cabo la evaluación financiera del proyecto, con una inversión de S/ 2 852 187 y un 40% financiado por terceros. Después de la evaluación, el VANE resultante fue de S/ 3 717 797 y el VANF de S/ 4 423 064 los cuales tienen un valor superior a cero; además, la tasa interna de retorno económica fue de 41,24% y su similar financiera de un 63,45 %, las cuales son superiores al costo de oportunidad de capital (Cok = 10%). Una relación beneficio/costo de 3,6 y el indicador de tiempo de recupero resultó ser de 1 año y nueve meses.Currently, consumers are more demanding when selecting a daily consumer product. According to Nielsen (2016), global leader in measuring what consumers see and buy: "More and more consumers in the world are changing their eating habits motivated by food sensitivity, allergies, the desire to stay healthy or personal convictions" (paragraph 1). In relation to this, a large number of vegan, intolerant and celiac consumers consider that their needs are not fully covered due to the limited variety of products offered to them in the market. In this context, yogurt-like probiotic beverage made from “milk” extracted from quinoa is the innovative proposal presented in this project. It is desired to demonstrate wether a production plant of the mentioned product would be profitable or not. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, the market study for the product, which will be sold in 1 liter of content glass bottles, was developed in first place The population that belongs to socioeconomic levels A and B of Metropolitan Lima was determined as the target market of the current project. The project demand was calculated using the demand of the animal originated yogurt, and also using data reports of the lactose free products market growth in Peru over the last 15 years, this because there are no exact data on historical consumption of yogurt like probiotic drinks with vegetable origin. Subsequently, the demand was accustomed to the Lima Metropolitana socioeconomic sectors “A” and “B” and age of the consumer. Next, the demand was adjusted with the data of intent and intensity of purchase, obtained from a survey. That survey was applied to 508 people. Finally, the project considered the market share that is intended to achieve. Subsequently, a location study was carried out, using the factor ranking method, the district of Ventanilla in Callao was be obtained as the optimal location. In the same way, the optimum size of the production plant was calculated, analyzing the market, raw material requirement, technology needs and the equilibrium point. In consequence, an annual production of 534 580 bottles was determined as optimal size. For the production area, the necessary technology that would be used in the project was determined, then a HACCP analysis was carried out for the quality and safety of the food. After that the Leopold matrix was elaborated to identify the environmental impacts of the project and an in consequence an IPERC matrix was also elaborated to determine the hazards and risks within the plant and propose actions to take. According to the supply chain design, the distribution of the product will take place through a one-stage channel. The product will be marketed in retail, supermarkets and vegetarian or specialized stores. The calculation of materials, services and personnel of the production plant was carried out, according to the production program, which was prepared based on the size of the plant and the covered demand. Later, in Chapter V. Project Engineering, the size of each interior area and the total area (884 m2) were determined. Finally, the budget analysis and the financial evaluation of the project were carried out, with an investment of S/ 2 852 187, 40% financed by the bank. After the evaluation, an economic NPV of S/ 3 717 797 and a financial NPV of S/ 4 423 064 were obtained, which are greater than zero; in addition, the economic IRR was 41,24% and the financial IRR was 63,45%, both of those indicators were greater than the opportunity cost rate (cok=10%). It resulted also in a cost/benefit ratio of 3,6 and the investment payback period ratio was one year and nine months

Latitude does not influence cavity entrance orientation of South American avian excavators

In the Northern Hemisphere, several avian cavity excavators (e.g., woodpeckers) orient their cavities increasingly toward the equator as latitude increases (i.e., farther north), and it is proposed that they do so to take advantage of incident solar radiation at their nests. If latitude is a key driver of cavity orientations globally, this pattern should extend to the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we test the prediction that cavities are oriented increasingly northward at higher (i.e., colder) latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and describe the preferred entrance direction(s) of 1501 cavities excavated by 25 avian species (n = 22 Picidae, 2 Trogonidae, 1 Furnariidae) across 12 terrestrial ecoregions (15°S ? 55°S) in South America. We used Bayesian projected normal mixed-effects models for circular data to examine the influence of latitude, and potential confounding factors, on cavity orientation. Also, a probability model selection procedure was used to simultaneously examine multiple orientation hypotheses in each ecoregion, to explore underlying cavity-orientation patterns. Contrary to predictions, and patterns from the Northern Hemisphere, birds did not orient their cavities more toward the equator with increasing latitude, suggesting that latitude may not be an important underlying selective force shaping excavation behavior in South America. Moreover, unimodal cavity-entrance orientations were not frequent among the ecoregions analyzed (infour ecoregions), whereas bimodal (in five ecoregions) or uniform (in three ecoregions) werealso common, although many of these patterns were not very sharp. Our results highlight the need to include data from under-studied biotas and regions to improve inferences at macroecology scales. Furthermore, we suggest a re-analysis of Northern Hemisphere cavity orientation patterns using a multimodel approach, and a more comprehensive assessment of the role of environmental factors as drivers of cavity orientation at different spatial scales in both hemispheres.Fil: Ojeda, Valeria Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Schaaf, Alejandro Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Altamirano, Tatiana Edith. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Bonaparte, Eugenia Bianca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Bragagnolo, Laura Araceli. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Chazarreta, L.. Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrallo Sustentable de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Dias, R.. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Di Sallo, Facundo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Ibarra, T.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Ippi, Silvina Graciela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jauregui, Adrian. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Área Zoología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jimenez, Jaime E.. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Lammertink, J. Martjan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, F.. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Nuñez Montellano, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: de la Peña, Martín. No especifíca;Fil: Rivera, Luis Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Vivanco, Constanza Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Santillán, Miguel. Museo de Historia Natural de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Soto, G.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Vergara, P.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Politi, Natalia. University of North Texas; Estados Unido

Más allá del imaginario eurocéntrico empoderamiento de la mujer indígena

El presente libro recaba, en su mayoría, los trabajos presentados en el Simposium denominado: “Empoderamiento de la mujer indígena”. Más allá del eurocentrismo ideológico y estético, presentado en el Primer Congreso Internacional: Los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina, siglos XIX-XXI, Avances, perspectivas y retos, realizado en la ciudad de Oaxaca, México, del 28 al 31 de octubre del año 2013. De igual manera se presenta el perfil del docente indígena, situación muy compleja, pues de alguna manera aquel docente que decide involucrarse en esta perspectiva, se ve obligado a romper con el estilo de pensamientos acostumbrados, teniendo que transformar no sólo sus condiciones físicas y ambientales, sino también de pensamiento, pues si el deseo es de cubrir de forma decorosa la encomienda, debe de adentrarse a la forma de vida de la comunidad en donde se encontrará inserto, teniendo que lidiar, quizá, con la cosmovisión, con la cosmogonía y demás variantes ideológicas que definen a dicha comunidad, sin olvidar, claro está, el idioma, lengua o dialecto que en ella se habla, ello si no se conoce.El abordaje de temas como género, sustentabilidad, desarrollo rural, educación, estética, entre otros, desde la perspectiva indígena, es un reto interdisciplinar, étnico y sociocultural complejo, ya que implica entre otros aspectos el genérico y el genealógico. Cuando el origen no es indígena, generalmente se presenta un rompimiento de ciertas estructuras mentales, cognitivas e ideológicas además de emocionales. El presente documento pretender ofrecer una visión compartida sobre la participación de la mujer en el desarrollo local de comunidades indígenas a partir de proyectos turísticos, alimenticios y de diseño textil, dando así reconocimiento a la "otra estética", la que deriva del reconocimiento de un cuerpo totalmente distinto al concepto eurocéntrico de una corporeidad ideal. Asimismo se dará a conocer el perfil del profesor indígena en el Estado de México.UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXIC

SELNET clinical practice guidelines for bone sarcoma

Bone sarcoma are infrequent diseases, representing < 0.2% of all adult neoplasms. A multidisciplinary management within reference centers for sarcoma, with discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies within an expert multidisciplinary tumour board, is essential for these patients, given its heterogeneity and low frequency. This approach leads to an improvement in patient's outcome, as demonstrated in several studies. The Sarcoma European Latin-American Network (SELNET), aims to improve clinical outcome in sarcoma care, with a special focus in Latin-American countries. These Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) have been developed and agreed by a multidisciplinary expert group (including medical and radiation oncologist, surgical oncologist, orthopaedic surgeons, radiologist, pathologist, molecular biologist and representatives of patients advocacy groups) of the SELNET consortium, and are conceived to provide the standard approach to diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of bone sarcoma patients in the Latin-American context

Measurement of neutron star parameters: a review of methods for low-mass X-ray binaries

Measurement of at least three independent parameters, for example, mass, radius and spin frequency, of a neutron star is probably the only way to understand the nature of its supranuclear core matter. Such a measurement is extremely difficult because of various systematic uncertainties. The lack of knowledge of several system parameter values gives rise to such systematics. Low-mass X-ray binaries, which contain neutron stars, provide a number of methods to constrain the stellar parameters. Joint application of these methods has a great potential to significantly reduce the systematic uncertainties, and hence to measure three independent neutron star parameters accurately. Here we review the methods based on (1) thermonuclear X-ray bursts; (2) accretion-powered millisecond-period pulsations; (3) kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations; (4) broad relativistic iron lines; (5) quiescent emissions; and (6) binary orbital motions.Comment: 30 pages, 20 figures, 1 table, An Invited and Refereed Review, will be published in "Advances in Space Research

Squaring the circle: Balancing the economic benefits of unconventional hydrocarbon extraction with the inimitable cultural significance of environments

Hydrocarbon extraction will continue for the foreseeable future, and undoubtedly impact upon regions and environments which this industry or indeed modern infrastructure had not done so previously. In light of this the paper considers how decisions with regard to the permitting or licensing of such projects might include the cultural significance of such environments more effectively. Focusing on the extraction of oil sands in Alberta, Canada as a model, the paper will establish the failings of established methods of assessing such values and whether human rights law, more accomplished in dealing with such subjective considerations, offers an alternative. Finally the paper will suggest a framework which, whilst incapable of solving all of the inherent issues in the inclusion of such subjective considerations in an industry so focused on quantification, might better balance them with the overbearing economic arguments for extraction

Unpublished Mediterranean and Black Sea records of marine alien, cryptogenic, and neonative species

To enrich spatio-temporal information on the distribution of alien, cryptogenic, and neonative species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, a collective effort by 173 marine scientists was made to provide unpublished records and make them open access to the scientific community. Through this effort, we collected and harmonized a dataset of 12,649 records. It includes 247 taxa, of which 217 are Animalia, 25 Plantae and 5 Chromista, from 23 countries surrounding the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Chordata was the most abundant taxonomic group, followed by Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Annelida. In terms of species records, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Saurida lessepsianus, Pterois miles, Upeneus moluccensis, Charybdis (Archias) longicollis, and Caulerpa cylindracea were the most numerous. The temporal distribution of the records ranges from 1973 to 2022, with 44% of the records in 2020–2021. Lethrinus borbonicus is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while Pomatoschistus quagga, Caulerpa cylindracea, Grateloupia turuturu, and Misophria pallida are first records for the Black Sea; Kapraunia schneideri is recorded for the second time in the Mediterranean and for the first time in Israel; Prionospio depauperata and Pseudonereis anomala are reported for the first time from the Sea of Marmara. Many first country records are also included, namely: Amathia verticillata (Montenegro), Ampithoe valida (Italy), Antithamnion amphigeneum (Greece), Clavelina oblonga (Tunisia and Slovenia), Dendostrea cf. folium (Syria), Epinephelus fasciatus (Tunisia), Ganonema farinosum (Montenegro), Macrorhynchia philippina (Tunisia), Marenzelleria neglecta (Romania), Paratapes textilis (Tunisia), and Botrylloides diegensis (Tunisia)

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362