Evaluating The Spatial Suitability of the Urban Expansion of Lattakia Using Spatial Analysis Methodology

Most cities are experiencing a rapid urban expansion, often spontaneously. In the city of Lattakia, urban communities spread and grew at random and accelerated without study or organization at the expense of agricultural land, these communities imposed new challenges on the concerned authorities and municipalities, the need arose to regulate and guide this growth. Therefor this research started from the question of determining the optimal future directions for the urban expansion of Lattakia until 2035 and the most suitable areas for this expansion through the use of spatial analysis methodology and modern techniques in geographic information systems that give sufficient indicators and a "complete Which gives a "complete" view of the urban environment of the city and its surroundings. The study will discuss the methodology used to study the areas of city expansion, and then assess the spatial relevance of these areas using the spatial analysis methodology, which includes the study of the factors influencing the expansion and the most suitable areas. Monitoring, study and analysis revealed that there is a lack of methodology for determining the future urban expansion areas, the future of this expansion until (2035) is the north and north-east direction, with the possibility of expansion eastward. The research stressed the need to develop the stages of study and determine the mechanisms of urban expansion and follow the analytical methodology takes into account the factors affecting it.   تشهد معظم المدن توسعاً عمرانياً متسارعاً يتم في أغلب الأحيان بطريقةٍ عفوية. وقد ظهرت في محيط مدينة اللاذقية تجمعات عمرانية انتشرت ونمت بشكل عشوائي ومتسارع دون دراسة أو تنظيم على حساب الأراضي الزراعية، هذه التجمعات فرضت تحديات جديدة أمام الجهات المعنية والبلديات، فظهرت الحاجة إلى تنظيم هذا النمو وتوجيهه. لذلك انطلق هذا البحث من مسألة تحديد الاتجاهات المستقبلية المثلى للتوسع العمراني لمدينة اللاذقية حتى العام (2035) وأكثر المناطق ملاءمةً لهذا التوسع من خلال استخدام منهجية التحليل المكاني والتقنيات الحديثة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) التي تعطي المؤشرات الكافية وتصوراً كاملاً عن البيئة العمرانية للمدينة ومحيطها. وسيتناول البحث عرضاً للمنهجية المتبعة في دراسة مناطق توسع المدينة، ثم تقييم الملاءمة المكانية لهذه المناطق باستخدام منهجية التحليل المكاني التي تتضمن دراسة العوامل المؤثرة في التوسع وتأثير هذه العوامل مكانياً للتوصل إلى تحديد الاتجاهات المستقبلية المثلى للتوسع وأكثر المناطق ملاءمةً له. وقد تبين من خلال الرصد والدراسة والتحليل وجود قصور في المنهجية المتبعة لتحديد مناطق التوسع العمراني المستقبلي للمدينة، كما تبين أن الاتجاه المستقبلي لهذا التوسع حتى العام (2035) هو الاتجاه الشمالي والشمالي الشرقي مع وجود إمكانية للتوسع شرقاً. وأكد البحث على ضرورة تطوير مراحل دراسة وتحديد آليات التوسع العمراني واتباع منهجية تحليلية مكانية تراعي العوامل المؤثرة فيه

Non-Muslim Submission in Aceh’s Qanun Jinayat: Deviation or Development of the Principle of Criminal Law?

This article aims to provide legal logic for the permissibility of choosing criminal law for non-Muslims who commit criminal acts regulated in the Aceh Qanun Jinayat based on one of the legal principles raised (endorsement) as the basis for establishing norms in the qanun in question, namely the principle of submission which is actually not recognized in criminal law. The research data are several decisions of the Syar’iyah Court in Aceh against violations of the Qanun Jinayat committed by non-Muslims. It is assumed that the decision is a shift in the principles of criminal law. This problem will be analyzed by observing the basic principles of criminal law, including the principles of the application of criminal law and the politics of criminal law. The results of the study showed that from the point of view of the principles of criminal law which is a compelling law, this submission is a deviation, but from a legal-political perspective, because the birth of permissible provisions in qanuns is a political process, where the demand to apply Islamic Sharia which basically only applies to Muslims, then as a softening of the territorial principle non-Muslims are allowed to vote

Apport des isotopes de la molécule d'eau à la détermination de l'altitude de recharge des principales sources du Moyen Atlas calcaire (Maroc).

International audienceLa présente étude est menée au Maroc sur le Moyen Atlas calcaire à caractère karstique. Son objectif est de contribuer à la caractérisation des aquifères moyens atlasique et à la détermination des altitudes de recharge des principales sources issues des calcaires dolomitiques liasiques afin d'aider à la détermination de leurs zones d'alimentation pour leur protection. La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur l'utilisation des isotopes stables de la molécule d'eau. La caractérisation chimique des eaux de ces sources montre que leur composition est le reflet de celle des roches-réservoirs qu'elles drainent d'une part et de l'évolution qu'elles subissent au cours de leur transit au sein de ces réservoirs d'autre part. L'analyse de l'évolution du deutérium en fonction de l'oxygène 18 permet de tracer une droite locale similaire à celle des pluies analysées au sein de la station de Fès, ce qui montre que les aquifères concernés se rechargent par une infiltration rapide, sans évaporation notable des eaux de pluie. Le gradient altimétrique pour l'oxygène 18 est établi à -0.27‰ par 100m. L'application de ce gradient aux teneurs isotopiques des autres sources analysées permet de remonter aux altitudes de recharge de ces sources. La confrontation de ces résultats aux données hydrogéologiques locales et régionales montre une concordance notable pour les sources dont les bassins versants étaient connus, et une orientation précieuse pour les sources dont les bassins étaient mal connus, avec des altitudes de recharge qui peuvent être 1090m plus élevées que les zones d'émergence. Ces résultats aident d'une manière certaine à déterminer les zones de recharge des sources, et donc à définir une stratégie de protection de cette ressource. The present study contributes to the characterisation of Middle Atlas limestone karst aquifers by implementing water stable isotopic techniques to determine the recharge altitudes of major springs issuing from Liassic dolomitic limestone, helping to delineate protection areas for the springs. Chemical analyses of spring waters show a composition that reflects both reservoir lithology and a chemical evolution over the course of flow within the reservoir. Analysis of the evolution of deuterium as a function of oxygen-18 suggests a local water line similar to that derived for rainwater at a station in Fez, indicating that the aquifers in question are recharged through rapid infiltration, without appreciable evaporation of the rainwater. Application of the established -0.27‰ per 100m altimetric gradient for oxygen 18 to the isotopic signatures of other analyzed sources allows us to backtrack recharge altitudes for these springs. Comparison of these results with local and regional hydrogeologic data shows a notable agreement among springs for which the drainage basin is known, and allows for more precise localization of springs for which the drainage basin is poorly known, with recharge altitudes reaching 1090m higher than emergence zones. To a certain extent, these results help to determine recharge zones for Middle Atlas springs and thus aid in strategizing protection for this resource

Determinants of firm profitability: empirical evidence from Jordan’s service sector

This paper examines the financial factors affecting profitability across the listed Jordanian service companies. Insufficient attention has been paid to the influence of profitability specifically revealed by financial indicators. This study adopts the firm effect model. The investigation is established on panel data from 2015 to 2020, based on annual company reports. Regression was used to test the study hypotheses. The research sample is collected from the 46 public service firms listed. The profitability of Jordan’s service firms is measured by three proxies, including, Return on Equity (ROE), Earnings Per Share (EPS) and Return on Assets (ROA). The results reveal that firm size and liquidity positively and significantly impact profitability. Conversely, the findings verify that company efficiency and market power have no significant impact on profitability. Moreover, among Jordan’s service firms’ financial indicators, the findings confirm that neither firm nor sales growth have a significant influence on profitability, while sustainable growth rate has a positive, significant effect on profitability. The firm effects are higher for ROE than ROA and EPS. The study provides beneficial insights for managers and investors by providing effective policies designed to improve profitability. The results also provide shareholders with statistics that will ensure the profitability of companies operating in developing countries, such as Jordan

Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead.

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology

Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety ‘Mode of Action’ framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology

Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/ mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety ‘Mode of Action’ framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology

Tuntunan Praktis Haji dan Umroh

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واقع استخدم معلمي مرحلة التعليم الأساسي لشبكة التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك) في العملية التعليمية والمعوقات التي تحد منها (دراسة ميدانية وفقاً لبعض المتغيرات التصنيفية)

هدفت الدراسة للتعرف على واقع استخدام عينة من معلمي ومعلمات الحلقة الأولى من مرحلة التعليم الأساسي لشبكة التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك) ومدى استخدامهم، وتوظيفهم لها في العملية التعليمية، بالإضافة للتعرف على المعوقات التي تحد من استخدامهم لها. وللإجابة عن أسئلة الدراسة والكشف عن دلالة الفروق في واقع استخدام معلمي مرحلة التعليم الأساسي للفيس بوك في العملية التعليمية تبعاً لمتغيرات (الجنس، المؤهل العلمي، مدة الاستخدام الفيس بوك، الخبرة التدريسية)، أعدَت الباحثة استبانة مؤلفة من (38) بند موزعة على ثلاثة محاور، وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي. وتألفت عينة الدراسة من (68) معلم ومعلمة من معلمي الحلقة الأولى من مرحلة التعليم الأساسي في المدارس الرسمية لمدينة اللاذقية. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن واقع استخدم معلمي مرحلة التعليم الأساسي لشبكة التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك) في العملية التعليمية كان بدرجة متوسطة، وعدم وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بين متوسط إجابات المعلمين حول استخدام شبكة التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك) في العملية التعليمية تبعاً لمتغير (الجنس، المؤهل العلمي، ومدة الاستخدام، والخبرة التدريسية). كما كشفت الدراسة وجود بعض المعوقات، من أهمها: ضعف شبكة الانترنت وعدم توفرها في المدارس والمنازل، وانقطاع الطاقة الكهربائية وعدم توفر الوسائل المساعدة كالمخابر المجهزة بالحواسيب.   وأوصت الدراسة بتوظيف شبكة التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك) في الميدان التعليمي، وإنشاء صفحات رسمية عليها تضم المعلمين من كافة الاختصاصات والمراحل لتبادل الأفكار والآراء التعليمية والخبرات التدريسية. بالإضافة إلى تشجيع المعلمين على استخدامها في العملية التعليمية.