La prohibition des pratiques discriminatoires face à l’émergence de l’économie collaborative

Une nouvelle économie axée sur l’utilisation plus efficiente des biens a vu le jour au cours des dernières années : l’économie collaborative. Désormais présente et fleurissante dans de nombreuses sphères de l’économie française, cette nouvelle réalité a entraîné son lot de préoccupations. L’une d’elles, moins traitée en France, est le fait que ces plateformes constituent un terreau fertile pour les pratiques discriminatoires. Puisqu’elles requièrent généralement l’affichage d’une photo, d’un profil public et de nombreuses informations personnelles, certains préjugés et stéréotypes enracinés dans la conscience collective sont susceptibles d’entrer en jeu et d’entraîner des différences de traitements. Dans ce texte, l’auteur examine l’applicabilité et l’efficacité des mécanismes français de protection contre la discrimination face à ces risques. Autrement dit, ces mécanismes sont-ils adaptés à la nouvelle réalité proposée par les Airbnb, Uber et BlaBlaCar de ce monde ?A new economy based on the efficient use of goods has emerged in recent years : the sharing economy. Now flowering in many spheres of the French economy, this new reality has led to many concerns. One of them, less discussed in France, is the fact that these collaborative platforms provide a fertile ground for discrimination. Given the fact that they generally require the display of a photo, a public profile and many personal informations, prejudices and stereotypes rooted in the collective consciousness may come into play and lead to adverse treatments. In this text, the author analyzes the applicability and effectiveness of the protection against discrimination to these risks. In other words, are these mechanisms adapted to the new reality proposed by the Airbnb, Uber and BlaBlaCar of this world 

Semantic interoperability for an integrated product development process: a systematic literature review

International audienceGlobal competitiveness challenges manufacturing industry to rationalise different ways of bringing to the market new products in a short lead-time with competitive prices while ensuring higher quality levels and customisation. Industries need to effectively share heterogeneous information during Product Development Process (PDP) within and across their institutional boundaries to be competitive. However, problems with misinterpretation and mistakes have been identified during information exchange due to the semantic interoperability obstacles. Thus, this research proposes a systematic literature review to identify the main researches and the milestones reference works on semantic interoperability field. A rigorous methodology was conducted in different databases, covering the articles published in scientific journals from 2005 to 2015 as a preliminary study had indicated that the incidence of articles related to the subject was more frequent from the second half of the 2000s. The research structure consisted of four steps: Survey-searching, analysis and selection of recent researches; Categorization-categorization of the selected papers; References citation frequency analysis-the selected papers were analysed and the main researches and milestones references were identified; and Main researches critical analysis – the main researches were analysed for their contributions and limitations, their contributions and limitations, resulting in 14 selected scientific articles and 8 identified milestones references. It is evident that this field has interesting perspectives on future research opportunities on semantic interoperability of information issues across PDP, contributing to the new concepts of future factories

Semantics enactment for interoperability assessment in Enterprise Information Systems

International audienceThe grown complexity of the modern enterprise poses a series of challenges, among them keeping competitiveness in the fast changing environment in which the enterprise evolves. Addressing Enterprise Integration is considered as a key to achieve the goal of any enterprise either it is a single or a networked enterprise. Enterprise Modelling is a prerequisite to enable the common understanding of the enterprises and its various interactions in order to "provide the right information, at the right time, at the right place". However, problems often emerge from a lack of understanding of the semantics of the elaborated models resulting from various modelling experience based on different methods and tools. This paper describes the challenges associated to semantics enactment in Information Systems models. To facilitate this enactment, it proposes an approach based on a fact-oriented modelling perspective. Then, it also provides an algorithm to automatically build semantic aggregates that help in highlighting Enterprise Models core embedded semantics. A case study on the field of B2M interoperability is performed in order to illustrate the application of the presented approach

On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2015 Workshops: Confederated International Workshops: OTM Academy, OTM Industry Case Studies Program, EI2N, FBM, INBAST, ISDE, META4eS, and MSC 2015, Rhodes, Greece, October 26-30, 2015. Proceedings

International audienceThis volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the following 8 International Workshops: OTM Academy; OTM Industry Case Studies Program; Enterprise Integration, Interoperability, and Networking, EI2N; International Workshop on Fact Based Modeling 2015, FBM; Industrial and Business Applications of Semantic Web Technologies, INBAST; Information Systems, om Distributed Environment, ISDE; Methods, Evaluation, Tools and Applications for the Creation and Consumption of Structured Data for the e-Society, META4eS; and Mobile and Social Computing for collaborative interactions, MSC 2015. These workshops were held as associated events at OTM 2015, the federated conferences "On The Move Towards Meaningful Internet Systems and Ubiquitous Computing", in Rhodes, Greece, in October 2015.The 55 full papers presented together with 3 short papers and 2 popsters were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 100 submissions. The workshops share the distributed aspects of modern computing systems, they experience the application pull created by the Internet and by the so-called Semantic Web, in particular developments of Big Data, increased importance of security issues, and the globalization of mobile-based technologies

Evaluation de la robustesse d'un ordonnancement par Automates Temporisés Stochastiques

National audienceLes modèles et outils des SystèmesSystèmes`Systèmesà Evénéments Discrets (SED) ont montré leur apport et leur efficacité pour la modélisation et la résolution deprobì emes d'ordonnancement dans le domaine des systèmes manufacturiers de production. Leur principal atout réside dans leur capacitécapacité`capacitéà appréhender naturellement les dynamiques sous-jacentes aux ressources de production ainsi que les logiques de configuration des ateliers (Job-shop, Flow-shop, Open-shop, hybrides...). De plus, les extensions stochastiques des modèles de SED offrent d'intéressantes perspectives pour la prise en compte de l'incertain en ordonnancement : incertitudes sur les ressources (durée opératoires, aléas de fonctionnement, pannes...) mais aussi sur la de-mande (variabilité importante des produits, personnalisation de masse...). L'objectif de cet article est de démontrer la faisabilité d'une approche basée sur les automates tem-porisés stochastiques et sur des techniques de model-checking statistique pourévaluerpourévaluer la robustesse d'un ordonnancement facè a des aléas en se restreignant, dans le cadre de cettécetté etude, aux incertitudes sur les durées opératoires

Probabilistic estimation of postures during human-robot collaboration: an ergonomics perspective

International audienceObjective: When a human is interacting physically with a robot (cobot or exoskeleton),his/her posture is inevitably influenced by the robot movement when the two accomplish a task. Among the possible movements that the human could do to follow the robot’s end-effector movement, some could be risky from an ergonomics point of view, and the robot should be able to predict those before executing a movement. The question is: how can the robot predict what will be the human posture corresponding to a given robot trajectory? Since the human is not controllable, an active robot imposing a trajectory during collaboration should predict the human joint state and evaluate the ergonomics risk associated to the predicted posture before deciding about its movement.We propose a method to estimate in probabilistic terms the human postures during human-robot collaboration, providing as well a probabilistic evaluation of the associated ergonomics scores.Significance: Human Robot Collaboration (HRC) has the potential to improve the working conditions of operators by optimizing the robot movements for both the task performance and the human ergonomics, thus reducing the risk of muscle-skeletal diseases. Our method enables a more appropriate evaluation of the impact of robot collaborators for humans from the point of view of ergonomics: a probabilistic approach for computing human postures during robot collaboration is necessary to have a more realistic estimation of the ergonomics risk for these postures. This ergonomics prediction must be also personalized for differ-ent human operators. Our method impacts the design of user-specific robotic workstations and robot controllers that take into account human factors.Methods: The probabilistic estimation of the human posture is formalized as an estimation of the human joint velocity \dot{q) given the current joint configuration $q$ and the end-effector velocity $\dot{x}$. This problem could be solved by applying inverse kinematics, but previous approaches do not consider the redundancy of the human model and do not allow to integrate past experiences. Data-driven approaches could enable to integrate past experience, but the main limitation of previous approaches is that they could not guarantee the non-violation of the kinematic constraints imposed by the end-effector position. We propose is a data-driven approach that: (1) solves the redundancy of the human model by returning a distribution of the joint velocities (2) which satisfy the kinematic constraint imposed by the end-effector velocity. The key idea of our algorithm is to learn a distribution over null-space movements, i.e. the movements which do not change the end-effector position but do change in the joint space because of the intrinsic human body redundancy. To do that we applied the combination of a GaussianProcess a gradient-free method for the optimization of the parameters.Results and discussion: We tested our method for predicting the human joint velocities in a HRC scenarios where a human collaborates with a Franka robot in a pick & place task.We compared our method with model-based inverse kinematics, state-of-the-art data-driven approaches (Gaussian Processes) which directly execute regression on the original space of the joint velocities and with a sampling based method.The results show that our method is more accurate in the prediction of the human joints while satisfying the kinematic constraints and human-robot coupling constraints. The prediction of the ergonomics scores is thus also more accurate and informs better a robot for designing appropriate trajectories

Using statistical-model-checking-based simulation for evaluating the robustness of a production schedule

Published in Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing, Borangiu T., Trentesaux D., Thomas A., Cardin O. (eds). Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 762, pp. 345-357, Springer, ChamInternational audienceIndustry 4.0 implies new scheduling problems linked to the optimal using of flexible resources and to mass customisation of products. In this context, first research results show that Discrete Event Systems models and tools are a relevant alternative to the classical approaches for modelling scheduling problems and for solving them. Moreover, the challenges of the industry 4.0 mean taking into account the uncertainties linked to the mass customisation (volume and mix of the demand) but also to the states of the resources (failures, operation durations,. . .). The goal of this paper is to show how it is possible to use the simulation based on statistical model checking for taking into account these uncertainties and for evaluating the robustness of a given schedule

Model Checking Contest @ Petri Nets, Report on the 2013 edition

This document presents the results of the Model Checking Contest held at Petri Nets 2013 in Milano. This contest aimed at a fair and experimental evaluation of the performances of model checking techniques applied to Petri nets. This is the third edition after two successful editions in 2011 and 2012. The participating tools were compared on several examinations (state space generation and evaluation of several types of formul{\ae} -- reachability, LTL, CTL for various classes of atomic propositions) run on a set of common models (Place/Transition and Symmetric Petri nets). After a short overview of the contest, this paper provides the raw results from the contest, model per model and examination per examination. An HTML version of this report is also provided (http://mcc.lip6.fr).Comment: one main report (422 pages) and two annexes (1386 and 1740 pages

Web Report on the Model Checking Contest @ Petri Net 2013

http://mcc.lip6.f

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research