Varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma

Opinnäytetyössä tehtiin varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa perehdyttiin siihen, mitä nykyisten kulunvalvontajärjestelmien puitteissa on mahdollista toteuttaa. Opinnäytetyössä selviää, mitä edellytetään turvalliselta varastolta ja kerrotaan kuinka turvallisuusprojekti voitaisiin toteuttaa. Kulunvalvontajärjestelmät ovat nopeasti yleistymässä, ja varastoihin räätälöityjä ohjeistuksia ei ole vielä juurikaan käsitelty. Perehdyimme opinnäytetyön aikana standardeihin, kulunvalvonta- ja rikosilmoitinjärjestelmiin, videovalvontaan ja hälytys- ja turvajärjestelmiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön teoriaosuuden ja oman pohdinnan yhteenvetona syntyi projektisuunnitelma. Suunnitelma on tarkoitettu logistiikkayrityksille, jotka ovat hankkimassa laajempaa turvallisuusjärjestelmää. Työssä käydään läpi vaihe vaiheelta asiat, jotka tulee ottaa huomioon projektin aikana.The aim of this thesis was to make a warehouse security plan. During the process it was discussed what can be done about the current access control systems. In this thesis the requirements of secure warehouse and how the security project could be done were clarified. Access control systems are becoming more and more common, but there are not so many tailored guidelines for warehouses. In this thesis the standards, access control, intrusion detection systems, video surveillance, alarm systems and security systems were researched. As a result of this thesis’s, a project plan that is based on theory and the authors’ own reasoning was made. The plan is made for logistics companies that are going to purchase a more extensive security system. The issues that need to be taken into consideration are presented step by step in this thesis

Varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma

Opinnäytetyössä tehtiin varaston turvallisuussuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa perehdyttiin siihen, mitä nykyisten kulunvalvontajärjestelmien puitteissa on mahdollista toteuttaa. Opinnäytetyössä selviää, mitä edellytetään turvalliselta varastolta ja kerrotaan kuinka turvallisuusprojekti voitaisiin toteuttaa. Kulunvalvontajärjestelmät ovat nopeasti yleistymässä, ja varastoihin räätälöityjä ohjeistuksia ei ole vielä juurikaan käsitelty. Perehdyimme opinnäytetyön aikana standardeihin, kulunvalvonta- ja rikosilmoitinjärjestelmiin, videovalvontaan ja hälytys- ja turvajärjestelmiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön teoriaosuuden ja oman pohdinnan yhteenvetona syntyi projektisuunnitelma. Suunnitelma on tarkoitettu logistiikkayrityksille, jotka ovat hankkimassa laajempaa turvallisuusjärjestelmää. Työssä käydään läpi vaihe vaiheelta asiat, jotka tulee ottaa huomioon projektin aikana.The aim of this thesis was to make a warehouse security plan. During the process it was discussed what can be done about the current access control systems. In this thesis the requirements of secure warehouse and how the security project could be done were clarified. Access control systems are becoming more and more common, but there are not so many tailored guidelines for warehouses. In this thesis the standards, access control, intrusion detection systems, video surveillance, alarm systems and security systems were researched. As a result of this thesis’s, a project plan that is based on theory and the authors’ own reasoning was made. The plan is made for logistics companies that are going to purchase a more extensive security system. The issues that need to be taken into consideration are presented step by step in this thesis

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Digiturva-tietoturvapalvelun myyynnin kehittäminen DNA Kaupassa : opas DNA Kaupan työntekijöille

Suomalaiset menettävät miljoonia euroja verkkorikollisille vuosittain. Tietoturvariskit, kyberhuijaukset, haitta- ja vakoiluohjelmat lisääntyvät lisääntymistään ja ajan tasalla olevan tietoturvaohjelman tärkeyttä niin älypuhelimessa, kuin tietokoneessa, ei voi väheksyä. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli luoda helppolukuinen ja ytimekäs opas DNA Kaupan myyjille Digiturva-tietoturvapalvelun myynnin kasvattamiseksi. Opinnäytetyössä vastattiin kysymykseen: Kuinka lisätä Digiturvan myyntiä DNA Kaupassa? Opinnäytetyö koostui teoriaosuudesta sekä toiminnallisesta osuudesta. Teoriaosuudessa käsiteltiin myyntiprosessia ja sen vaiheita, sekä lisämyyntiä. Toiminnallisessa osuudessa luotiin PowerPoint-koulutusmateriaali DNA Kaupan myyjille Digiturvan myynnin kasvattamiseksi, hyödyntäen pääkaupunkiseudun DNA Kaupan aluepäällikön, myyntivalmentajan, sekä myymäläpäälliköiden ajatuksia. Lopuksi pohdittiin opinnäytetyölle asetettua tavoitetta, sekä sen soveltamismahdollisuuksia

Detection of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA before and after mammographic breast compression in a cohort of breast cancer patients scheduled for neoadjuvant treatment

PurposeIt is not known if mammographic breast compression of a primary tumor causes shedding of tumor cells into the circulatory system. Little is known about how the detection of circulating biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is affected by breast compression intervention.MethodsCTCs and ctDNA were analyzed in blood samples collected before and after breast compression in 31 patients with primary breast cancer scheduled for neoadjuvant therapy. All patients had a central venous access to allow administration of intravenous neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which enabled blood collection from superior vena cava, draining the breasts, in addition to sampling from a peripheral vein.ResultsCTC and ctDNA positivity was seen in 26% and 65% of the patients, respectively. There was a significant increase of ctDNA after breast compression in central blood (p = 0.01), not observed in peripheral testing. No increase related with breast compression was observed for CTC. ctDNA positivity was associated with older age (p = 0.05), and ctDNA increase after breast compression was associated with high Ki67 proliferating tumors (p = 0.04). CTCs were more abundant in central compared to peripheral blood samples (p = 0.04).ConclusionsThere was no significant release of CTCs after mammographic breast compression but more CTCs were present in central compared to peripheral blood. No significant difference between central and peripheral levels of ctDNA was observed. The small average increase in ctDNA after breast compression is unlikely to be clinically relevant. The results give support for mammography as a safe procedure from the point of view of CTC and ctDNA shedding to the blood circulation. The results may have implications for the standardization of sampling procedures for circulating tumor markers

Longitudinal enumeration and cluster evaluation of circulating tumor cells improve prognostication for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer in a prospective observational trial

Abstract Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) carry independent prognostic information in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) on different lines of therapy. Moreover, CTC clusters are suggested to add prognostic information to CTC enumeration alone but their significance is unknown in patients with newly diagnosed MBC. We aimed to evaluate whether longitudinal enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC clusters could improve prognostication and monitoring of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) starting first-line therapy. Methods This prospective study included 156 women with newly diagnosed MBC. CTCs and CTC clusters were detected using CellSearch technology at baseline (BL) and after 1, 3, and 6 months of systemic therapy. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) and the secondary end point overall survival (OS). Median follow-up time was 25 (7–69) months. Results There were 79 (52%) and 30 (20%) patients with ≥ 5 CTCs and ≥ 1 CTC cluster at baseline, respectively; both factors were significantly associated with impaired survival. Landmark analyses based on follow-up measurements revealed increasing prognostic hazard ratios for ≥ 5 CTCs and CTC clusters during treatment, predicting worse PFS and OS. Both factors added value to a prognostic model based on clinicopathological variables at all time points and ≥ 5 CTCs and presence of CTC clusters enhanced the model’s C-index to > 0.80 at 1, 3, and 6 months. Importantly, changes in CTCs during treatment were significantly correlated with survival and patients with a decline from ≥ 5 CTCs at BL to < 5 CTCs at 1 month had a similar odds ratio for progression to patients with < 5 CTCs at BL and 1 month. Stratification of patients based on CTC count and CTC clusters into four groups (0 CTCs, 1–4 CTCs, ≥ 5 CTCs, and ≥ 1 CTC + CTC clusters) demonstrated that patients with CTC clusters had significantly worse survival compared to patients without clusters. Conclusions Longitudinal evaluation of CTC and CTC clusters improves prognostication and monitoring in patients with MBC starting first-line systemic therapy. The prognostic value increases over time, suggesting that changes in CTC count are clinically relevant. The presence of CTC clusters adds significant prognostic value to CTC enumeration alone. Trial registration NCT01322893. Registered on 25 March 2011

Co-targeting of the PI3K pathway improves the response of BRCA1 deficient breast cancer cells to PARP1 inhibition.

Although pre-clinical and clinical studies on PARP1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with DNA-damaging agents, show promising results, further ways to improve and broaden the scope of application of this therapeutic approach are warranted. To this end, we have investigated the possibility of improving the response of BRCA1 mutant breast cancer cells to PARP1 inhibition by co-targeting the PI3K pathway. Human breast cancer cell lines with or without the expression of BRCA1 and/or PTEN were treated with PARP1 and PI3K inhibitors as single agents and in combination. PARP1 inhibition induced DNA damage conferring a G2/M arrest and decrease in viability, paralleled by the induction of apoptosis. PI3K inhibition alone caused a G1 arrest and decreased cell growth. Most importantly, sequential combination of PARP and PI3K inhibitors interacted synergistically to significantly decrease growth compared to PARP inhibition alone. Global transcriptional profiling revealed that this decrease in growth was associated with down-regulation of macromolecule biosynthesis and the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest an improved treatment strategy for BRCA1-mutant and possibly also triple-negative breast cancers with similar molecular defects

Additional file 1: of Longitudinal enumeration and cluster evaluation of circulating tumor cells improve prognostication for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer in a prospective observational trial

Supplementary information: power calculation performed before initiation of the study. (PDF 483 kb