553 research outputs found

    Tumorangiogenese und Immunsuppression: Strategische Angriffspunkte fĂŒr neue TherapieansĂ€tze beim Plattenepithelkarzinom der Mundhöhle (HNSCC)

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    Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die Tumorangiogenese und tumorassoziierte Immunsuppression sind Grundvoraussetzung fĂŒr eine erfolgreiche Tumorevolution. Unsere bisherigen Analysen zeigen, dass Mundhöhlenkarzinomzellen ĂŒber eine Produktion von TGF-ÎČ1 ("transforming growth factor-beta1") und MCP-1 ("monocyte chemoattractant protein-1") die Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor stimulieren. Die angelockten Makrophagen produzieren den angiogenetischen sowie immunsupprimierenden Wachstumsfaktor VEGF ("vascular endothelial growth factor") und induzieren zudem die Produktion dieses Faktors ĂŒber Interleukin (IL)-1α in den Tumorzellen. Neuere In-vitro-Studien zeigen, dass RetinsĂ€ure (VitaminA) die TGF-ÎČ1- und MCP-1-Produktion der Tumorzellen hemmt. Deshalb wurde in der vorliegenden Studie der Einfluss von RetinsĂ€ure auf die Makrophageninfiltration und VEGF-Produktion im Mausmodell analysiert. Material und Methoden: MĂ€usen der AJ-Linie (10MĂ€use pro Gruppe) wurden PolyethylenschwĂ€mme (5×2mm3) mit humanen HNSCC-Zellen (450.000-150.0000/10ÎŒl RPMI) subkutan eingepflanzt. MĂ€use mit Tumoren von mindestens 0,7-1 cm3 Durchmesser wurden tĂ€glich mit RetinsĂ€ure (160”g/kg) i.p. behandelt. Nach 21Tagen wurden die SchwĂ€mme entnommen und immunhistologisch nach VEGF-A, MCP-1, CD68 und CD31 untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Serumwerte von VEGF-A und MCP-1 erfolgte mit dem ELISA. Die Organe wurden entnommen und nach Makro- und- Mikrometastasen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei allen mit RetinsĂ€ure behandelten Tieren kam es zur vollstĂ€ndigen Tumorregression. Die MĂ€use wiesen keinen Metastasenbefall auf (p=0,00) und die Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor konnte blockiert werden (p=0,007). Alle behandelten Tiere regulierten die MCP-1- (0pg/ml) und VEGF-A-Serumwerte (12pg/ml) herunter (p=0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Blockierung der Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor mit VitaminA ein möglicher Therapieansatz ist, um die Induktion der zwei wichtigsten Überlebensstrategien des Tumors, Immunsuppression und Angiogenese, zu hemme

    Tumorangiogenese und Immunsuppression

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    Hintergrund: Die Tumorangiogenese und tumorassoziierte Immunsuppression sind Grundvoraussetzung fĂŒr eine erfolgreiche Tumorevolution. Unsere bisherigen Analysen zeigen, dass Mundhöhlenkarzinomzellen ĂŒber eine Produktion von TGF-ÎČ1 ("transforming growth factor-beta1") und MCP-1 ("monocyte chemoattractant protein-1") die Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor stimulieren. Die angelockten Makrophagen produzieren den angiogenetischen sowie immunsupprimierenden Wachstumsfaktor VEGF ("vascular endothelial growth factor") und induzieren zudem die Produktion dieses Faktors ĂŒber Interleukin (IL)-1α in den Tumorzellen. Neuere In-vitro-Studien zeigen, dass RetinsĂ€ure (VitaminA) die TGF-ÎČ1- und MCP-1-Produktion der Tumorzellen hemmt. Deshalb wurde in der vorliegenden Studie der Einfluss von RetinsĂ€ure auf die Makrophageninfiltration und VEGF-Produktion im Mausmodell analysiert. Material und Methoden: MĂ€usen der AJ-Linie (10MĂ€use pro Gruppe) wurden PolyethylenschwĂ€mme (5×2mm3) mit humanen HNSCC-Zellen (450.000-150.0000/10ÎŒl RPMI) subkutan eingepflanzt. MĂ€use mit Tumoren von mindestens 0,7-1 cm3 Durchmesser wurden tĂ€glich mit RetinsĂ€ure (160”g/kg) i.p. behandelt. Nach 21Tagen wurden die SchwĂ€mme entnommen und immunhistologisch nach VEGF-A, MCP-1, CD68 und CD31 untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Serumwerte von VEGF-A und MCP-1 erfolgte mit dem ELISA. Die Organe wurden entnommen und nach Makro- und- Mikrometastasen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei allen mit RetinsĂ€ure behandelten Tieren kam es zur vollstĂ€ndigen Tumorregression. Die MĂ€use wiesen keinen Metastasenbefall auf (p=0,00) und die Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor konnte blockiert werden (p=0,007). Alle behandelten Tiere regulierten die MCP-1- (0pg/ml) und VEGF-A-Serumwerte (12pg/ml) herunter (p=0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Blockierung der Makrophageninfiltration in den Tumor mit VitaminA ein möglicher Therapieansatz ist, um die Induktion der zwei wichtigsten Überlebensstrategien des Tumors, Immunsuppression und Angiogenese, zu hemme

    PND6: ASSESSING THE COSTS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE IN GERMANY

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    Significance Tests for Periodogram Peaks

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    We discuss methods currently in use for determining the significance of peaks in the periodograms of time series. We discuss some general methods for constructing significance tests, false alarm probability functions, and the role played in these by independent random variables and by empirical and theoretical cumulative distribution functions. We also discuss the concept of "independent frequencies" in periodogram analysis. We propose a practical method for estimating the significance of periodogram peaks, applicable to all time series irrespective of the spacing of the data. This method, based on Monte Carlo simulations, produces significance tests that are tailor-made for any given astronomical time series.Comment: 22 pages, 11 Encapsulated Postscript figures, AAS LaTeX v5.2 Submitted to Ap

    Anaerobic sulfur oxidation underlies adaptation of a chemosynthetic symbiont to oxic-anoxic interfaces

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    Chemosynthetic symbioses occur worldwide in marine habitats, but comprehensive physiological studies of chemoautotrophic bacteria thriving on animals are scarce. Stilbonematinae are coated by thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. As these nematodes migrate through the redox zone, their ectosymbionts experience varying oxygen concentrations. However, nothing is known about how these variations affect their physiology. Here, by applying omics, Raman microspectroscopy, and stable isotope labeling, we investigated the effect of oxygen on “Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti.” Unexpectedly, sulfur oxidation genes were upregulated in anoxic relative to oxic conditions, but carbon fixation genes and incorporation of (13)C-labeled bicarbonate were not. Instead, several genes involved in carbon fixation were upregulated under oxic conditions, together with genes involved in organic carbon assimilation, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and urea utilization. Furthermore, in the presence of oxygen, stress-related genes were upregulated together with vitamin biosynthesis genes likely necessary to withstand oxidative stress, and the symbiont appeared to proliferate less. Based on its physiological response to oxygen, we propose that “Ca. T. oneisti” may exploit anaerobic sulfur oxidation coupled to denitrification to proliferate in anoxic sand. However, the ectosymbiont would still profit from the oxygen available in superficial sand, as the energy-efficient aerobic respiration would facilitate carbon and nitrogen assimilation. IMPORTANCE Chemoautotrophic endosymbionts are famous for exploiting sulfur oxidization to feed marine organisms with fixed carbon. However, the physiology of thiotrophic bacteria thriving on the surface of animals (ectosymbionts) is less understood. One longstanding hypothesis posits that attachment to animals that migrate between reduced and oxic environments would boost sulfur oxidation, as the ectosymbionts would alternatively access sulfide and oxygen, the most favorable electron acceptor. Here, we investigated the effect of oxygen on the physiology of “Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti,” a gammaproteobacterium which lives attached to marine nematodes inhabiting shallow-water sand. Surprisingly, sulfur oxidation genes were upregulated under anoxic relative to oxic conditions. Furthermore, under anoxia, the ectosymbiont appeared to be less stressed and to proliferate more. We propose that animal-mediated access to oxygen, rather than enhancing sulfur oxidation, would facilitate assimilation of carbon and nitrogen by the ectosymbiont

    Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies and Influence of Their Half-Lives on Therapeutic Activity

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    Botulinum toxins, i.e. BoNT/A to/G, include the most toxic substances known. Since botulism is a potentially fatal neuroparalytic disease with possible use as a biowarfare weapon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category A bioterrorism agent), intensive efforts are being made to develop vaccines or neutralizing antibodies. The use of active fragments from non-human immunoglobulins (F(ab')2, Fab', scFv), chemically modified or not, may avoid side effects, but also largely modify the in vivo half-life and effectiveness of these reagents. We evaluated the neutralizing activity of several monoclonal anti-BoNT/A antibodies (mAbs). F(ab')2 fragments, native or treated with polyethyleneglycol (PEG), were prepared from selected mAbs to determine their half-life and neutralizing activity as compared with the initial mAbs. We compared the protective efficiency of the different biochemical forms of anti-toxin mAbs providing the same neutralizing activity. Among fourteen tested mAbs, twelve exhibited neutralizing activity. Fragments from two of the best mAbs (TA12 and TA17), recognizing different epitopes, were produced. These two mAbs neutralized the A1 subtype of the toxin more efficiently than the A2 or A3 subtypes. Since mAb TA12 and its fragments both exhibited the greatest neutralizing activity, they were further evaluated in the therapeutic experiments. These showed that, in a mouse model, a 2- to 4-h interval between toxin and antitoxin injection allows the treatment to remain effective, but also suggested an absence of correlation between the half-life of the antitoxins and the length of time before treatment after botulinum toxin A contamination. These experiments demonstrate that PEG treatment has a strong impact on the half-life of the fragments, without affecting the effectiveness of neutralization, which was maintained after preparation of the fragments. These reagents may be useful for rapid treatment after botulinum toxin A contamination
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