Contactless Energy Transfer Techniques for Industrial Applications. Power and Data Transfer to Moving Parts

Contactless energy transfer (CET) systems are gaining increasing interest in the automatic machinery industries. For this reason, circuit equivalent networks of CET systems considered in the literature are introduced with emphasis on their industrial applicability. The main operating principles and the required compensating networks, along with different topologies of power supplies optimised for wireless powering, are discussed. The analysis of the wireless transfer, at the maximum efficiency, of high power levels shows that, in the kHz range, highly coupled inductive links are needed and soft-switching power sources required. The employment of CET units in controlled systems requires combining a link for data communication with the wireless power channel. At low frequencies, capacitive and inductive couplings are integrated in a unique platform to implement the wireless data and power links, respectively. Differently, at UHF, an increased data channel transfer efficiency is made possible by exploiting auto-resonant structures, such as split-ring resonators instead of capacitances, one at each far-end side of the link. The design procedure of a power CET system, including the dc/ac converter, a rotary transformer and its windings, is discussed and the results presented. A different version of a WPT system, which involves multiple transmitting coils and a sliding receiver, is also presented. A low frequency RFID capacitive data link is then combined with the rotary CET unit to provide the temperature feedback of a controlled system, wherein the rectifying part of a passive tag is exploited to simultaneously power and read a temperature probe. Subsequently, a split-ring based near-field UHF data link is designed to ensure an improved temperature detection in terms of accuracy and resolution. The sensor readout is performed at the transmitter side by measuring the reflected power by the load rectifier

Analysis and design considerations of resonator arrays for inductive power transfer systems

In the frame of inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, arrays of magnetically coupled resonators have received increasing attention as they are cheap and versatile due to their simple structure. They consist of magnetically coupled coils, which resonate with their self-capacitance or lumped capacitive networks. Of great industrial interest are planar resonator arrays used to power a receiver that can be placed at any position above the array. A thorough circuit analysis has been carried out, first starting from traditional two-coil IPT devices. Then, resonator arrays have been introduced, with particular attention to the case of arrays with a receiver. To evaluate the system performance, a circuit model based on original analytical formulas has been developed and experimentally validated. The results of the analysis also led to the definition of a new doubly-fed array configuration with a receiver that can be placed above it at any position. A suitable control strategy aimed at maximising the transmitted power and the efficiency has been also proposed. The study of the array currents has been carried out resorting to the theory of magneto-inductive waves, allowing useful insight to be highlighted. The analysis has been completed with a numerical and experimental study on the magnetic field distribution originating from the array. Furthermore, an application of the resonator array as a position sensor has been investigated. The position of the receiver is estimated through the measurement of the array input impedance, for which an original analytical expression has been also obtained. The application of this sensing technique in an automotive dynamic IPT system has been discussed. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the possible applications of two-dimensional resonator arrays in IPT systems. These devices can be used to improve system efficiency and transmitted power, as well as for magnetic field shielding

Modeling of Inductive Contactless Energy Transfer Systems

In the domain of electronic devices and especially desktop peripherals, there is an industrial trend which consists in removing the cables that pollute our domestic and professional environments. In this sense, wireless communication protocols are already massively widespread while the power supplies still use wires or batteries. To address this problem, alternative solutions must be investigated such as contactless energy transfer (CET). In a broad sense, CET is a process that allows to bring electrical energy from one point to another through a given medium (generally air or vacuum) and at a certain distance. Inductive CET means that the intermediate form of energy is the magnetic induction, generated from primary coils excited by high-frequency alternating currents and collected in secondary coils by induced voltages. Most of existing approaches to design CET systems are applicable to only single applications and do not include an optimization method. For this reason, the present thesis focuses on the modeling, design and optimization of inductive CET systems. Using the coreless transformer as the central part of CET systems, an equivalent electric model is derived from the theory of conventional transformers. The absence of ferrite core gives rise to a specific characteristic, which is to have large leakage inductances compared to the main one. In order to circumvent this issue, using a high frequency together with a resonant circuit allow to enhance the effect of the mutual inductance and to transfer power with an excellent efficiency. Different parts of the coreless transformer are addressed separately. First, an accurate modeling of DC resistances, self and mutual inductances is proposed. Then, the equivalent electric circuit is resolved and the different compensation topologies for the resonant circuit are discussed. Finally, the AC resistance is computed using a 2D finite element modeling that takes into account the skin and proximity effects in the conductors. So as to exploit optimally FEM simulations, a complete output mapping together with a specific interpolation strategy are implemented, giving access to the AC resistance evaluation in a very short time. As a result, all the models are implemented in a way that makes them highly adaptable and low-consuming in term of computing resources. Then a sensitivity analyzis is performed in order to restrict the variation range of different parameters and to provide a general and intuitive understanding of inductive CET. After that, an optimization method using genetic algorithms (GAs) is presented. The main advantage of GAs is that the number of free parameters does not change the complexity of the algorithm. They are very efficient when a lot of free parameters are involved and for optimizations where the computing time is a key factor. As existing GAs failed to converge properly for different tested CET problems, a new one is developed, that allows to optimize two objective functions in the same time. It is thus a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and has been successfully applied to the design of different CET systems. Finally, in order to validate the models and optimization methods proposed along the thesis, several prototypes are built, measured and tested. Notably, a CET table that allows to supply simultaneously different peripherals is fabricated. By analyzing in real time the current amplitude in the primary coils, an efficient sensorless detection of the peripherals is implemented. Digital control techniques have enabled the autonomous management of the detection and the local activation of the table. These results contribute to the future development of robust and efficient CET tables

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-05CH11231government of Japan (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Physical Society of Japan (JPS)European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN)United States Department of Energy (DOE

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app

REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.Peer reviewe

Review of particle physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app