Identification of material properties and phase distribution of heterogeneous materials through data-driven computational methods : towards an enhanced constitutive space

Tesi en modalitat de cotutela: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i École Centrale de NantesIdentifying the constitutive relations of materials is an essential task to understand their behavior. Classical methods like testing can be effective in understanding these relationships, but introducing models can lead to biased formulations and errors. Furthermore, not all constitutive relations can be determined directly by mathematical expressions or there might be parameters that we cannot obtain easily through common techniques. Data-Driven Identification (DDI), developed by Leygue et al. (2018), is an algorithm in which the constitutive relation of elastic materials is defined by a database of material points that need to be computed based on measured strain fields, applied forces and known geometry of tested samples of the material. The algorithm simultaneously estimates the corresponding values of the stress fields that emerge due to the deformations measured in the samples. In this thesis, we focus on departing from elasticity to cover more complex material behaviors with the DDI algorithm. In a first step, the method is applied to heterogeneous samples, where a post-process is performed with Correspondence Analysis to separate the different phases in a sample and identify their sepa-rated behavior. Then, DDI was also applied to linear viscoelastic materials, where an extended phase-space approach is used to account for the time dependence of the behavior. Finally, different variations of the algorithm are considered by combining DDI with different statistical techniques such as the Principal Component Analysis, in a search for speed and accuracy of the predictions through dimensionality reduction. Parallel to this, the method is tested in heterogeneous composite samples and compared to expected results obtained by classical methods.L’identification des relations constitutives des matériaux est une tâche essentielle pour comprendre leur comportement. Les méthodes classiques sont efficaces pour comprendre ces relations, mais l'introduction de modèles peut conduire à des formulations biaisées. En plus, il n’est pas possible de formaliser toutes les relations constitutives par des expressions mathématiques ou il peut y avoir des paramètres difficilement identifiables par des techniques courantes. L'identification pilotée par les données (DDI), développée par Leygue et al. (2018), est un algorithme dans lequel la relation constitutive des matériaux élastiques est définie par une base de données de points matériels qui sont calculés en fonction des champs de déformation mesurés, des forces appliquées et de la géométrie connue des échantillons du matériau. L'algorithme estime simultanément les champs de contraintes associés aux déformations mesurées dans les échantillons. Dans cette thèse, nous étendons l’algorithme DDI pour couvrir des comportements de matériaux plus complexes. Dans un premier temps, la méthode est appliquée à des échantillons hétérogènes, où un post-traitement est effectué avec l'analyse des orrespondances pour séparer les différentes phases de l’échantillon et identifier leur comportement individuel. Ensuite, la DDI a également été appliquée à des matériaux viscoélastiques linéaires, où une approche étendue de l'espace de phase est utilisée pour tenir compte de la dépendance temporelle du comportement. Enfin, différentes variantes de l'algorithme sont envisagées en combinant la DDI avec différentes techniques statistiques telles que l'analyse en composantes principales, dans une recherche de rapidité et de précision des prédictions par réduction de la dimensionnalité. Parallèlement, la méthode est testée sur des échantillons composites hétérogènes et comparée aux résultats obtenus par les méthodes classiques.Identificar las relaciones constitutivas de los materiales es una tarea esencial para entender su comportamiento. Los métodos clásicos como los ensayos, pueden ser eficaces para comprender estas relaciones, pero la introducción de modelos puede conducir a formulaciones sesgadas y errores. Además, no todas las relaciones constitutivas pueden determinarse directamente mediante expresiones matemáticas o puede haber parámetros que se obtengan fácilmente a través de técnicas habituales. La identificación impulsada por datos (DDI), desarrollada por Leygue et al. (2018), es un algoritmo en el que la relación constitutiva de los materiales elásticos se define mediante una base de datos de puntos materiales que deben ser calculados a partir de los campos de deformación medidos, las fuerzas aplicadas y la geometría conocida de las muestras ensayadas del material. El algoritmo estima simultáneamente los valores correspondientes de los campos de tensión que surgen debido a las deformaciones medidas en las muestras. En esta tesis nos enfocamos en apartarnos de la elasticidad para abarcar comportamientos de materiales más complejos con el algoritmo DDI. En un primer paso, el método se aplica a muestras heterogéneas, donde se realiza un postproceso con Análisis de Correspondencias para separar las diferentes fases de una muestra e identificar su comportamiento separado. A continuación, el DDI se aplica también a materiales con viscoelasticidad lineal, donde se utiliza un enfoque de espacio de fases ampliado para tener en cuenta la dependencia temporal del comportamiento. Finalmente, se consideran diferentes variaciones del algoritmo combinando DDI con diferentes técnicas estadísticas como el Análisis de Componentes Principales, en una búsqueda por mejorar la velocidad y precisión de las predicciones a través de la reducción de dimensiones. Paralelamente, el método fue probado en muestras heterogéneas de materiales compuestos y fueron comparadas con los resultados esperados obtenidos a través de métodos clásicos.Postprint (published version

Reduced order models for 3D parametric lattice structures: computation and post-processing in portable devices

The Proper General ized Decomposition (PGD) provides explicit parametric solutions of parametric PD Es. Here, the same ideas are used to obtain parametric solutions of the algebraic equations arising from lattice structural models. Once the explicit parametric solution is available, the optimal design problem is a simple post-process. The same strategy is applied in the numerical illustrations, first to a unit-cell (and then homogenized with periodicity conditions), and in a second phase to the complete structure of a lattice material specimen

A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation

We report a genome-wide association scan for facial features in B6,000 Latin Americans. We evaluated 14 traits on an ordinal scale and found significant association (P valueso5 10 8) at single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four genomic regions for three nose-related traits: columella inclination (4q31), nose bridge breadth (6p21) and nose wing breadth (7p13 and 20p11). In a subsample of B3,000 individuals we obtained quantitative traits related to 9 of the ordinal phenotypes and, also, a measure of nasion position. Quantitative analyses confirmed the ordinal-based associations, identified SNPs in 2q12 associated to chin protrusion, and replicated the reported association of nasion position with SNPs in PAX3. Strongest association in 2q12, 4q31, 6p21 and 7p13 was observed for SNPs in the EDAR, DCHS2, RUNX2 and GLI3 genes, respectively. Associated SNPs in 20p11 extend to PAX1. Consistent with the effect of EDAR on chin protrusion, we documented alterations of mandible length in mice with modified Edar funtion

Effects of hormonal treatment, maxilofacial surgery-orthodontics, traumatism, and malformation on fluctuating asymmetry

ABSTRACT: In this work we test for the putative association between facial fluctuating asymmetry (FFA) and hormone treatments, maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, injuries, and malformations. A protocol of five photographs and photogrammetric reconstruction was implemented to place thirty-four 3D landmarks in 3162 individuals aged between 18 and 85 years, belonging to the CANDELA initiative. A Procrustes ANOVA test was used to obtain individual facial fluctuating asymmetry scores. One way ANOVA, Welch, and Levene tests were conducted to explore the potential differences between mean and variance of the response variables. Our results indicate that women who received some hormonal treatment showed higher fluctuating facial asymmetry scores in relation to the unaffected group, this being persistent once the effects of heterozygosity (genetic ancestry) and further variables had been statistically controlled. The shape changes corresponding to this association are focused on the chin, jaw, lower lip, prefrontal region, nose, and ears. Previous reports suggested a potential relationship between facial asymmetry and hormone levels, but to the best of our knowledge there are no reports indicating the causation underlying the association detected here. This report is one more evidence of the association between hormone intake and facial asymmetric features in urban admixed Latin American populations.RESUMEN: En este trabajo se evalúa la relación entre la asimetría fluctuante facial (AFF) y los tratamientos hormonales, cirugías maxilofaciales, ortodoncia, traumatismos y malformaciones. En el marco del proyecto CANDELA, se tomaron cinco fotografías faciales de 3162 voluntarios entre los 18 y 85 años. Por fotogrametría se colocaron 34 landmarks o puntos en 3D y mediante el método Procrustes ANOVA se obtuvieron valores individuales de asimetría fluctuante facial. Se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de una vía y la prueba de Welch y Levene para conocer las diferencias entre media y varianza de los valores de asimetría facial y las variables respuesta. También, se caracterizó la variación morfológica del componente asimétrico de la forma facial mediante técnicas multivariadas sobre los grupos que resultaran diferentes significativamente. Las mujeres que reportaron haber recibido algún tipo de tratamiento hormonal mostraron mayores valores de asimetría fluctuante facial respecto al grupo sin tratamiento. Esta asociación se mantuvo una vez removido el efecto de la heterocigosidad (como indicador de la ancestría) y sin interactuar con el resto de covariables incluidas en el análisis. Los cambios morfológicos asociados a este factor se concentran en el mentón, maxilar labio inferior, región perifrontal, región nasal y orejas. Algunos trabajos anteriores dieron cuenta de la posible relación entre la asimetría facial y los niveles de hormonas, pero no hay estudios que sustenten la relación causal o directa entre la asociación aquí planteada. El presente trabajo es una evidencia más de la asociación entre el consumo de hormonas y modificaciones de caracteres faciales en poblaciones urbanas mestizas latinoamericanas

Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance

Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance

Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Disentangling Signatures of Selection Before and After European Colonization in Latin Americans

Throughout human evolutionary history, large-scale migrations have led to intermixing (i.e., admixture) between previously separated human groups. Although classical and recent work have shown that studying admixture can yield novel historical insights, the extent to which this process contributed to adaptation remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a novel statistical model, specific to admixed populations, that identifies loci under selection while determining whether the selection likely occurred post-admixture or prior to admixture in one of the ancestral source populations. Through extensive simulations, we show that this method is able to detect selection, even in recently formed admixed populations, and to accurately differentiate between selection occurring in the ancestral or admixed population. We apply this method to genome-wide SNP data of ∼4,000 individuals in five admixed Latin American cohorts from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Our approach replicates previous reports of selection in the human leukocyte antigen region that are consistent with selection post-admixture. We also report novel signals of selection in genomic regions spanning 47 genes, reinforcing many of these signals with an alternative, commonly used local-ancestry-inference approach. These signals include several genes involved in immunity, which may reflect responses to endemic pathogens of the Americas and to the challenge of infectious disease brought by European contact. In addition, some of the strongest signals inferred to be under selection in the Native American ancestral groups of modern Latin Americans overlap with genes implicated in energy metabolism phenotypes, plausibly reflecting adaptations to novel dietary sources available in the Americas

Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals

The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry

Socioeconomic Status Is Not Related with Facial Fluctuating Asymmetry: Evidence from Latin-American Populations

The expression of facial asymmetries has been recurrently related with poverty and/or disadvantaged socioeconomic status. Departing from the developmental instability theory, previous approaches attempted to test the statistical relationship between the stress experienced by individuals grown in poor conditions and an increase in facial and corporal asymmetry. Here we aim to further evaluate such hypothesis on a large sample of admixed Latin Americans individuals by exploring if low socioeconomic status individuals tend to exhibit greater facial fluctuating asymmetry values. To do so, we implement Procrustes analysis of variance and Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) to estimate potential associations between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and socioeconomic status. We report significant relationships between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and age, sex, and genetic ancestry, while socioeconomic status failed to exhibit any strong statistical relationship with facial asymmetry. These results are persistent after the effect of heterozygosity (a proxy for genetic ancestry) is controlled in the model. Our results indicate that, at least on the studied sample, there is no relationship between socioeconomic stress (as intended as low socioeconomic status) and facial asymmetries

A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation

To characterize the genetic basis of facial features in Latin Americans, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of more than 6000 individuals using 59 landmark-based measurements from two-dimensional profile photographs and ~9,000,000 genotyped or imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We detected significant association of 32 traits with at least 1 (and up to 6) of 32 different genomic regions, more than doubling the number of robustly associated face morphology loci reported until now (from 11 to 23). These GWAS hits are strongly enriched in regulatory sequences active specifically during craniofacial development. The associated region in 1p12 includes a tract of archaic adaptive introgression, with a Denisovan haplotype common in Native Americans affecting particularly lip thickness. Among the nine previously unidentified face morphology loci we identified is the VPS13B gene region, and we show that variants in this region also affect midfacial morphology in mice