O incumprimento dos contratos probatórios

O presente estudo tem como propósito uma análise acerca do incumprimento dos contratos processuais probatórios. Os contratos de prova não são uma novidade, já que existem, pelo menos desde os novecentos. A análise desses negócios, na perspectiva do inadimplemento, é praticamente inexistente e mesmo com uma sucessão de leis a regular-lhes a constituição e a eficácia, nunca houve um espaço para que descumprimento dos pactos fosse objeto de regulação. Mesmo em não havendo previsão normativa a respeito do descumprimento dos contratos probatórios na esfera processual, poderá haver situações práticas em que esses negócios deixem de ser observados, durante a sua execução, que exigirão uma resposta jurídica devidamente clara a respeito. Assim, a partir da classificação e das modalidades de contratos probatórios, analisam-se as diversas possibilidades de inadimplemento que podem suceder durante a execução dos pactos, como a impossibilidade, o inadimplemento absoluto e relativo, o cumprimento defeituoso e a alteração das circunstâncias, bem como as consequências jurídicas que daí poderão advir às partes do negócio. Desse modo, em havendo o inadimplemento dos contratos probatórios, serão analisadas as possibilidades para se apurar as consequências do incumprimento, a partir do direito material e do direito processual, com prevalência à reconstituição natural, mas sem prejuízo de indenização por danos, podendo ser fixada uma cláusula penal, além de condenação por litigância de má-fé e aplicação de sanções pecuniárias compulsórias. Destaca-se, ainda, ponto que versa sobre os contratos probatórios em relação às partes e ao tribunal, quando será colocada em discussão a ideia de que em negócios processuais não se está diante de deveres ou obrigações de prestar. A partir dessa noção, coloca-se em xeque o uso da ação de cumprimento como meio de reação da parte que se vê confrontada com o incumprimento e propõe-se o uso da exceção processual dilatória, com algumas exceções. Na perspectiva do tribunal, que não participa da conclusão dos contratos probatórios, em regra, esses negócios serão analisados como algo similar aos contratos com eficácia de proteção para terceiros, cuja eficácia atinge o órgão decisor, que tem o dever de aplicar os contratos e poderá, inclusive, descumpri-los, quando julgar a causa.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the nonperformance of proof contracts. Proof contracts are not new, as they have been around since the nineteen hundred centuries. The analysis of these agreements, from the perspective of breaching, has always been practically non-existent and even with a succession of laws regulating their constitution and efficacy, there has never been a room for regulation of nonperformance of these contracts. Even if there is no normative provision regarding nonperformance of proof contracts, there may be practical situations in which these agreements are no longer performed, during their execution, which will require a duly clear legal response in this regard. Thus, based on the classification and modalities of proof contracts, the various possibilities of breaching that may occur during the execution of agreements are analyzed, such as impossibility to perform, substantial nonperformance or failure to perform, defective performance and unexpected circumstances, as well as the legal consequences that may result to the parties. Hence, in the event of nonperformance of the proof contracts, the possibilities to determine the consequences of breaching will be analyzed, based on material law and procedural law, but without prejudice to rights for damages, which may be fixed by a penal clause, in addition to conviction for litigation in bad faith and application of periodic penalty payments. Also noteworthy is the point that deals with proof contracts in relation to the parties and the court, when the idea that procedural contracts do not deal with duties or obligations to perform will be discussed. Based on this notion, the use of performance action is questioned as a means of reaction by the party that is confronted with the breaching, thus the use of the procedural exception is proposed, with some exclusions. From the perspective of the court, which does not participate in the conclusion of proof contracts, these agreements will be analyzed as something similar to contracts with protection for third parties, whose efficacy affects the court, which has the duty to apply the contracts and may even breach them, when adjudicating the case

Organizational identity: a critical analysis of Brazilian academic production from 2004 to 2009

Se ha observado cierto malestar entre académicos al tratar la Identidad Organizacional (IO) como un área establecida de investigación científica. Dicho malestar posiblemente se relaciona con la existencia simultánea de conceptos diversos sobre el tema, que proceden de diferentes perspectivas filosóficas, epistemológicas y metodológicas, lo que contribuye a la ausencia de claridad conceptual e incertidumbres empíricas. En este artículo se presentan los principales resultados de una investigación en que se buscó identificar los caminos ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos que han sido adoptados en la producción académica brasileña sobre IO. Para ello, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica exploratoria, con la ayuda del método cualitativo. Los resultados señalan similitudes en la crítica de las producciones académicas brasileña e internacional. Una de ellas se refiere a la omisión de los criterios utilizados para determinar las características de centralidad, distinción y continuidad temporal de los elementos elegidos como parte de la identidad de las organizaciones estudiadas. Otra, señala la manera abstracta como los cambios en la IO han sido tratados en los estudios organizacionales. Se apuntan diversas lagunas y se concluye el artículo con recomendaciones para que se realicen más investigación sobre el tema de una manera estructurada y consistente, con vistas a contribuir efectivamente al avance del conocimiento y a la construcción de la teoría sobre la identidad organizacional.Identificou-se certo desconforto entre acadêmicos em lidar com a Identidade Organizacional (IO) como uma área estabelecida da pesquisa científica. Isso possivelmente esteja relacionado com a existência simultânea de concepções diversas sobre o tema, provenientes de diferentes perspectivas filosóficas, epistemológicas e metodológicas, as quais contribuem para ausência de clareza conceitual e incertezas empíricas sobre o tema. Neste artigo, apresentam-se os principais resultados de uma pesquisa em que se buscou identificar os caminhos ontológicos, epistemológicos e metodológicos que vêm sendo adotados na produção acadêmica brasileira sobre IO. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, com auxílio de método qualitativo. Seus resultados apontam para similaridades na crítica das produções acadêmicas brasileira e internacional. Uma delas refere-se à omissão dos critérios utilizados para determinar as características de centralidade, distinção e continuidade temporal dos elementos eleitos como parte da identidade das organizações estudadas. Outra diz respeito ao modo abstrato como as mudanças na IO têm sido tratadas pelos estudos organizacionais. Diversas lacunas são apontadas e conclui-se o artigo com recomendações de realizar mais pesquisas sobre o tema de uma maneira mais estruturada e consistente com vistas a contribuir efetivamente para o avanço do conhecimento e a construção da teoria sobre a identidade organizacional.A certain discomfort was identified among academics when addressing organizational identity (OI) as an established field of scientific research. This is probably the case because there are many different definitions of OI that derive from distinct philosophical, epistemological and methodological perspectives, all of which contribute to the lack of conceptual clarity and empirical uncertainty around this subject. This article presents the main results of a study that aimed to identify the ontological, epistemological and methodological approaches of Brazilian academic literature regarding OI. To this end, an exploratory bibliographical survey was conducted aided by a qualitative method. The results point to similarities in the critique of both of Brazilian and of international academic production. One outcome concerns the omission of the criteria used to determine the characteristics of centrality, distinction and temporal continuity of the elements chosen as part of the identity of the organizations studied. Another relates to the abstract manner in which organizational studies address OI, several gaps having been highlighted. The article closes with recommendations to carry out further research on the subject in a more structured and consistent fashion in order to contribute effectively to the advancement of OI knowledge and theory building

Organizational identity: a critical analysis of Brazilian academic production from 2004 to 2009

Se ha observado cierto malestar entre académicos al tratar la Identidad Organizacional (IO) como un área establecida de investigación científica. Dicho malestar posiblemente se relaciona con la existencia simultánea de conceptos diversos sobre el tema, que proceden de diferentes perspectivas filosóficas, epistemológicas y metodológicas, lo que contribuye a la ausencia de claridad conceptual e incertidumbres empíricas. En este artículo se presentan los principales resultados de una investigación en que se buscó identificar los caminos ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos que han sido adoptados en la producción académica brasileña sobre IO. Para ello, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica exploratoria, con la ayuda del método cualitativo. Los resultados señalan similitudes en la crítica de las producciones académicas brasileña e internacional. Una de ellas se refiere a la omisión de los criterios utilizados para determinar las características de centralidad, distinción y continuidad temporal de los elementos elegidos como parte de la identidad de las organizaciones estudiadas. Otra, señala la manera abstracta como los cambios en la IO han sido tratados en los estudios organizacionales. Se apuntan diversas lagunas y se concluye el artículo con recomendaciones para que se realicen más investigación sobre el tema de una manera estructurada y consistente, con vistas a contribuir efectivamente al avance del conocimiento y a la construcción de la teoría sobre la identidad organizacional.Identificou-se certo desconforto entre acadêmicos em lidar com a Identidade Organizacional (IO) como uma área estabelecida da pesquisa científica. Isso possivelmente esteja relacionado com a existência simultânea de concepções diversas sobre o tema, provenientes de diferentes perspectivas filosóficas, epistemológicas e metodológicas, as quais contribuem para ausência de clareza conceitual e incertezas empíricas sobre o tema. Neste artigo, apresentam-se os principais resultados de uma pesquisa em que se buscou identificar os caminhos ontológicos, epistemológicos e metodológicos que vêm sendo adotados na produção acadêmica brasileira sobre IO. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, com auxílio de método qualitativo. Seus resultados apontam para similaridades na crítica das produções acadêmicas brasileira e internacional. Uma delas refere-se à omissão dos critérios utilizados para determinar as características de centralidade, distinção e continuidade temporal dos elementos eleitos como parte da identidade das organizações estudadas. Outra diz respeito ao modo abstrato como as mudanças na IO têm sido tratadas pelos estudos organizacionais. Diversas lacunas são apontadas e conclui-se o artigo com recomendações de realizar mais pesquisas sobre o tema de uma maneira mais estruturada e consistente com vistas a contribuir efetivamente para o avanço do conhecimento e a construção da teoria sobre a identidade organizacional.A certain discomfort was identified among academics when addressing organizational identity (OI) as an established field of scientific research. This is probably the case because there are many different definitions of OI that derive from distinct philosophical, epistemological and methodological perspectives, all of which contribute to the lack of conceptual clarity and empirical uncertainty around this subject. This article presents the main results of a study that aimed to identify the ontological, epistemological and methodological approaches of Brazilian academic literature regarding OI. To this end, an exploratory bibliographical survey was conducted aided by a qualitative method. The results point to similarities in the critique of both of Brazilian and of international academic production. One outcome concerns the omission of the criteria used to determine the characteristics of centrality, distinction and temporal continuity of the elements chosen as part of the identity of the organizations studied. Another relates to the abstract manner in which organizational studies address OI, several gaps having been highlighted. The article closes with recommendations to carry out further research on the subject in a more structured and consistent fashion in order to contribute effectively to the advancement of OI knowledge and theory building

Study of the production of Λb0\Lambda_b^0 and B‾0\overline{B}^0 hadrons in pppp collisions and first measurement of the Λb0→J/ψpK−\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi pK^- branching fraction

The product of the $\Lambda_b^0$ ($\overline{B}^0$) differential production cross-section and the branching fraction of the decay $\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi pK^-$ ($\overline{B}^0\rightarrow J/\psi\overline{K}^*(892)^0$) is measured as a function of the beauty hadron transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, and rapidity, $y$. The kinematic region of the measurements is $p_{\rm T}<20~{\rm GeV}/c$ and $2.0<y<4.5$. The measurements use a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3~{\rm fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb detector in $pp$ collisions at centre-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s}=7~{\rm TeV}$ in 2011 and $\sqrt{s}=8~{\rm TeV}$ in 2012. Based on previous LHCb results of the fragmentation fraction ratio, $f_{\Lambda_B^0}/f_d$, the branching fraction of the decay $\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi pK^-$ is measured to be \begin{equation*} \mathcal{B}(\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi pK^-)= (3.17\pm0.04\pm0.07\pm0.34^{+0.45}_{-0.28})\times10^{-4}, \end{equation*} where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, the third is due to the uncertainty on the branching fraction of the decay $\overline{B}^0\rightarrow J/\psi\overline{K}^*(892)^0$, and the fourth is due to the knowledge of $f_{\Lambda_b^0}/f_d$. The sum of the asymmetries in the production and decay between $\Lambda_b^0$ and $\overline{\Lambda}_b^0$ is also measured as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ and $y$. The previously published branching fraction of $\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi p\pi^-$, relative to that of $\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow J/\psi pK^-$, is updated. The branching fractions of $\Lambda_b^0\rightarrow P_c^+(\rightarrow J/\psi p)K^-$ are determined.Comment: 29 pages, 19figures. All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2015-032.htm

Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in sNN=5\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region

Two-particle angular correlations are studied in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5$TeV, collected with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on data recorded in two beam configurations, in which either the direction of the proton or that of the lead ion is analysed. The correlations are measured in the laboratory system as a function of relative pseudorapidity, $\Delta\eta$, and relative azimuthal angle, $\Delta\phi$, for events in different classes of event activity and for different bins of particle transverse momentum. In high-activity events a long-range correlation on the near side, $\Delta\phi \approx 0$, is observed in the pseudorapidity range $2.0<\eta<4.9$. This measurement of long-range correlations on the near side in proton-lead collisions extends previous observations into the forward region up to $\eta=4.9$. The correlation increases with growing event activity and is found to be more pronounced in the direction of the lead beam. However, the correlation in the direction of the lead and proton beams are found to be compatible when comparing events with similar absolute activity in the direction analysed.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2015-040.htm

Evidence for the strangeness-changing weak decay Ξb−→Λb0π−\Xi_b^-\to\Lambda_b^0\pi^-

Using a $pp$ collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0~fb$^{-1}$, collected by the LHCb detector, we present the first search for the strangeness-changing weak decay $\Xi_b^-\to\Lambda_b^0\pi^-$. No $b$ hadron decay of this type has been seen before. A signal for this decay, corresponding to a significance of 3.2 standard deviations, is reported. The relative rate is measured to be ${{f_{\Xi_b^-}}\over{f_{\Lambda_b^0}}}{\cal{B}}(\Xi_b^-\to\Lambda_b^0\pi^-) = (5.7\pm1.8^{+0.8}_{-0.9})\times10^{-4}$, where $f_{\Xi_b^-}$ and $f_{\Lambda_b^0}$ are the $b\to\Xi_b^-$ and $b\to\Lambda_b^0$ fragmentation fractions, and ${\cal{B}}(\Xi_b^-\to\Lambda_b^0\pi^-)$ is the branching fraction. Assuming $f_{\Xi_b^-}/f_{\Lambda_b^0}$ is bounded between 0.1 and 0.3, the branching fraction ${\cal{B}}(\Xi_b^-\to\Lambda_b^0\pi^-)$ would lie in the range from $(0.57\pm0.21)\%$ to $(0.19\pm0.07)\%$.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2015-047.htm

Search for the rare decays B0→J/ψγB^{0}\to J/\psi \gamma and Bs0→J/ψγB^{0}_{s} \to J/\psi \gamma

A search for the rare decay of a $B^{0}$ or $B^{0}_{s}$ meson into the final state $J/\psi\gamma$ is performed, using data collected by the LHCb experiment in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and $8$ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{-1}$. The observed number of signal candidates is consistent with a background-only hypothesis. Branching fraction values larger than $1.7\times 10^{-6}$ for the $B^{0}\to J/\psi\gamma$ decay mode are excluded at 90% confidence level. For the $B^{0}_{s}\to J/\psi\gamma$ decay mode, branching fraction values larger than $7.4\times 10^{-6}$ are excluded at 90% confidence level, this is the first branching fraction limit for this decay.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2015-044.htm

How to break bad news: State-of-the-art of letting go

Seven observations point towards the existence of primordial black holes (PBH), constituting the whole or an important fraction of the dark matter in the Universe: the mass and spin of black holes detected by Advanced LIGO/VIRGO, the detection of micro-lensing events of distant quasars and stars in M31, the non-detection of ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxies with radius below 15 parsecs, evidences for core galactic dark matter profiles, the correlation between X-ray and infrared cosmic backgrounds, and the existence of super-massive black holes very early in the Universe's history. Some of these hints are newly identified and they are all intriguingly compatible with the re-constructed broad PBH mass distribution from LIGO events, peaking on PBH mass [Formula presented] and passing all other constraints on PBH abundances. PBH dark matter also provides a new mechanism to explain the mass-to-light ratios of dwarf galaxies, including the recent detection of a diffuse galaxy not dominated by dark matter. Finally we conjecture that between 0.1% and 1% of the events detected by LIGO will involve a PBH with a mass below the Chandrasekhar mass, which would unambiguously prove the existence of PBH.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Study of ψ(2S) production and cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions at √ sNN = 5 TeV

The production of ψ(2S) mesons is studied in dimuon final states using proton-lead (pPb) collision data collected by the LHCb detector. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 nb−1. The nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of the pPb collisions is (Formula presented.) TeV. The measurement is performed using ψ(2S) mesons with transverse momentum less than 14 GeV/c and rapidity y in the ranges 1.5 &lt; y &lt; 4.0 and −5.0 &lt; y &lt; −2.5 in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass system. The forward-backward production ratio and the nuclear modification factor are determined for ψ(2S) mesons. Using the production cross-section results of ψ(2S) and J/ψ mesons from b-hadron decays, the (Formula presented.) cross-section in pPb collisions at (Formula presented.) TeV is obtained

Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in √sNN = 5 TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region

Two-particle angular correlations are studied in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of √sNN = 5 TeV , collected with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on data recorded in two beam configurations, in which either the direction of the proton or that of the lead ion is analysed. The correlations are measured in the laboratory system as a function of relative pseudorapidity, Δη, and relative azimuthal angle, Δϕ, for events in different classes of event activity and for different bins of particle transverse momentum. In high-activity events a long-range correlation on the near side, Δ ϕ ≈ 0 , is observed in the pseudorapidity range 2.0 &lt; η &lt; 4.9 . This measurement of long-range correlations on the near side in proton-lead collisions extends previous observations into the forward region up to η = 4.9 . The correlation increases with growing event activity and is found to be more pronounced in the direction of the lead beam. However, the correlation in the direction of the lead and proton beams are found to be compatible when comparing events with similar absolute activity in the direction analysed