ANALISIS PENDAPATAN, TITIK IMPAS DAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI KEMIRI DI KECAMATAN RIUNG BARAT KABUPATEN NGADA

ABSTRACT This research has been carried out at Villages of Ngara and Ri'a I, West Riung Sub District, Ngada Regency, from February to March 2018. This study aims to determine the income, break-even and feasibility of candlenut farming at West Riung Sub District Ngada Regency. The data collection method used in this study was a survey method and direct interviews with farmers. Determination of the study’s location was done intentionally (purposive sampling). 35 respondents were chosen as simple random sampling. The type of data collected were primary data obtained from interviews directly with respondent farmers who are guided by a list of questions, while secondary data obtained from relevant institutions and literature studies. To find out the first purpose of the data was analyzed quantitatively, to answer the second purpose of the data was analyzed using Break Event Point analysis and to answer the third goal using the R/C ratio analysis. The results showed that 1) the income of candlenut farming at the District of West Riung, Ngada Regency was Rp. 6.106.012,20, 2) break-even points including Production BEP of 41,29 kg, smaller than real production of 333,43 kg by the respondents and BEP Price of Rp. 2.825,83, smaller than real the price  of Rp. 20.857,14 by the respondent’s, 3) R/C Ratio of8,09, this means that every one rupiah issued by the respondent’s farmer will benefit 8,09 as acceptance and it was feasible to cultivate.     ABSTRAK Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Desa Ngara dan Desa Ri’a I Kecamatan Riung Barat Kabupaten Ngada pada bilan Februari sampai dengan Maret 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar pendapatan, titik impas dan kelayakan usahatani kemiri di Kecamatan Riung Barat Kabupaten Ngada. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei dan wawancara langsung kepada petani. Penentuan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive sampling). Responden ditetapkan sebanyak 35 orang yang telah dipilih secara acak sederhana (simple random sampling). Jenis data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer diperoleh dari wawancara secara langsung dengan petani responden yang berpedoman pada daftar pertanyaan, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari instansi terkait dan studi literatur. Untuk mengetahui tujuan  pertama data dianalisis secara kuantitatif, untuk menjawab tujuan kedua data dianalisis menggunakan analisis Break Event Point dan untuk menjawab tujuan ketiga menggunakan analisis R/C Rasio. Hasil penelitian  adalah 1) besar pendapatan usahatani kemiri di Kecamatan Riung Barat Kabupaten Ngada adalah Rp 6.106.012,20, 2) titik impas meliputi BEP produksi sebesar 41,29 kg , lebih kecil dari produksi ril sebesar 333,43 kg per responden dan BEP harga sebesar Rp. 2.852,83, lebih kecil dari harga ril sebesar Rp. 20. 857,14 per responden  3) kelayakan usahatani sebesar 8,09 dan layak untuk diusahakan

Succinct Data Structures for Families of Interval Graphs

We consider the problem of designing succinct data structures for interval graphs with $n$ vertices while supporting degree, adjacency, neighborhood and shortest path queries in optimal time in the $\Theta(\log n)$-bit word RAM model. The degree query reports the number of incident edges to a given vertex in constant time, the adjacency query returns true if there is an edge between two vertices in constant time, the neighborhood query reports the set of all adjacent vertices in time proportional to the degree of the queried vertex, and the shortest path query returns a shortest path in time proportional to its length, thus the running times of these queries are optimal. Towards showing succinctness, we first show that at least $n\log{n} - 2n\log\log n - O(n)$ bits are necessary to represent any unlabeled interval graph $G$ with $n$ vertices, answering an open problem of Yang and Pippenger [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 2017]. This is augmented by a data structure of size $n\log{n} +O(n)$ bits while supporting not only the aforementioned queries optimally but also capable of executing various combinatorial algorithms (like proper coloring, maximum independent set etc.) on the input interval graph efficiently. Finally, we extend our ideas to other variants of interval graphs, for example, proper/unit interval graphs, k-proper and k-improper interval graphs, and circular-arc graphs, and design succinct/compact data structures for these graph classes as well along with supporting queries on them efficiently

Prospects for progress on health inequalities in England in the post-primary care trust era : professional views on challenges, risks and opportunities

Background - Addressing health inequalities remains a prominent policy objective of the current UK government, but current NHS reforms involve a significant shift in roles and responsibilities. Clinicians are now placed at the heart of healthcare commissioning through which significant inequalities in access, uptake and impact of healthcare services must be addressed. Questions arise as to whether these new arrangements will help or hinder progress on health inequalities. This paper explores the perspectives of experienced healthcare professionals working within the commissioning arena; many of whom are likely to remain key actors in this unfolding scenario. Methods - Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 professionals involved with health and social care commissioning at national and local levels. These included representatives from the Department of Health, Primary Care Trusts, Strategic Health Authorities, Local Authorities, and third sector organisations. Results - In general, respondents lamented the lack of progress on health inequalities during the PCT commissioning era, where strong policy had not resulted in measurable improvements. However, there was concern that GP-led commissioning will fare little better, particularly in a time of reduced spending. Specific concerns centred on: reduced commitment to a health inequalities agenda; inadequate skills and loss of expertise; and weakened partnership working and engagement. There were more mixed opinions as to whether GP commissioners would be better able than their predecessors to challenge large provider trusts and shift spend towards prevention and early intervention, and whether GPs’ clinical experience would support commissioning action on inequalities. Though largely pessimistic, respondents highlighted some opportunities, including the potential for greater accountability of healthcare commissioners to the public and more influential needs assessments via emergent Health & Wellbeing Boards. Conclusions - There is doubt about the ability of GP commissioners to take clearer action on health inequalities than PCTs have historically achieved. Key actors expect the contribution from commissioning to address health inequalities to become even more piecemeal in the new arrangements, as it will be dependent upon the interest and agency of particular individuals within the new commissioning groups to engage and influence a wider range of stakeholders.</p

Structural basis for CRISPR RNA-guided DNA recognition by Cascade

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) immune system in prokaryotes uses small guide RNAs to neutralize invading viruses and plasmids. In Escherichia coli, immunity depends on a ribonucleoprotein complex called Cascade. Here we present the composition and low-resolution structure of Cascade and show how it recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets in a sequence-specific manner. Cascade is a 405-kDa complex comprising five functionally essential CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins (CasA1B2C6D1E1) and a 61-nucleotide CRISPR RNA (crRNA) with 5′-hydroxyl and 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate termini. The crRNA guides Cascade to dsDNA target sequences by forming base pairs with the complementary DNA strand while displacing the noncomplementary strand to form an R-loop. Cascade recognizes target DNA without consuming ATP, which suggests that continuous invader DNA surveillance takes place without energy investment. The structure of Cascade shows an unusual seahorse shape that undergoes conformational changes when it binds target DNA.

Markov Chain Ontology Analysis (MCOA)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Biomedical ontologies have become an increasingly critical lens through which researchers analyze the genomic, clinical and bibliographic data that fuels scientific research. Of particular relevance are methods, such as enrichment analysis, that quantify the importance of ontology classes relative to a collection of domain data. Current analytical techniques, however, remain limited in their ability to handle many important types of structural complexity encountered in real biological systems including class overlaps, continuously valued data, inter-instance relationships, non-hierarchical relationships between classes, semantic distance and sparse data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we describe a methodology called Markov Chain Ontology Analysis (MCOA) and illustrate its use through a MCOA-based enrichment analysis application based on a generative model of gene activation. MCOA models the classes in an ontology, the instances from an associated dataset and all directional inter-class, class-to-instance and inter-instance relationships as a single finite ergodic Markov chain. The adjusted transition probability matrix for this Markov chain enables the calculation of eigenvector values that quantify the importance of each ontology class relative to other classes and the associated data set members. On both controlled Gene Ontology (GO) data sets created with Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens annotations and real gene expression data extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the MCOA enrichment analysis approach provides the best performance of comparable state-of-the-art methods.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A methodology based on Markov chain models and network analytic metrics can help detect the relevant signal within large, highly interdependent and noisy data sets and, for applications such as enrichment analysis, has been shown to generate superior performance on both real and simulated data relative to existing state-of-the-art approaches.</p

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented