Controlling phase transformation during milling in the pre-formulation of Active pharmaceutical Ingredients

A high percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient are available in the insoluble crystalline phase.  During pharmaceutical processing such as milling there are many issues can be initiated due to the transformation of this crystalline materials. Some trans-formation might be positively solving the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) problems such as solubility and dissolution rate while others might negatively affect these factors which render the APIs into inactive compound. Therefore, during the pre-formulation study, all of these issues must be resolved to ensure drug stability and hence its bioavailability. This review will shed the light on the most popular transformations that happened, factors affecting them, and the characterization methods used for the detection of phase formed. The studying of these factors, will help to avoid them in future

Shariah auditing in Islamic financial institutions: exploring the gap between the "desirable" and the "actual"

Persistently high expectations from the operations of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) appears to give way for a gap to exist between “what ought to be” shariah auditing and the current practice of shariah audit in IFIs in Malaysia. Sulaiman (2005) mentioned that “what ought to be desired (the desirable)” may not coincide with “what is actually desired (the desired)” and in consequent “what is actually desired” may not be the same as “the actual” practice. This paper aims to explore empirically the gap between “the desired” and “the actual” practice of shariah auditing in IFIs in Malaysia. It is found that there exists a gap between the two concepts in terms of certain issues discussed in this study. Even though this paper cannot hope to bridge the gap that exists, it nevertheless shows that shariah audit function has not seriously taken an impact in IFIs in Malaysia despite its potential as a monitoring tool for shariah complianc

Suitability Assessment of Effluent of Mineral Water Bottling Factory for Crop Irrigation

Agricultural production in Ethiopia is mostly dependent on rain water and this kind of production system is severely affected by climatic irregularities. Thus, it is increasingly becoming obvious that reuse of wastewater especially, industrial effluent is one promising solution. Conversely, without detailed investigation, based on knowledge of the possible harmful effects on plants and soils, prolonged use of such waters will be challenging. In light of this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of effluent of Ambo Mineral Water Bottling Factory (untreated) at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for crop cultivation. Accordingly an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of effluent on growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris (Haricot beans). The methodology of the study was: Lab analysis of wastewater samples, soil and pot experiment with replications. Each treatment had nine replications, of which four are non-destructive sampling and five are for destructive sampling. Measurements of different growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, numbers of branches and plant fresh and dry weight have been done each 15 days after sowing. Comparison of seed yield and number of pods was also done after end of maturity. The result indicated that most of physico-chemical characteristics of the industrial effluent, except HCO3-, K+, Ni and F-, met the irrigation quality requirements for crop production and it was found to be a reach source of useful plant nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The effluent irrigation had significant (P<0.05) effect on soil parameters viz. PH, EC

The Effect of Psychological Frailty on Educational Supervisors’ Professional Performance

مهنة الإرشاد النفسي تعزز التنمية البشرية من خلال استثمار طاقات الإنسان وإمكاناته باستعمال العقل والتفكير من أجل بناء مجتمع متقدم, من خلال تقديم صورة افضل للعملية الإرشادية. وعليه يهدف البحث الحالي التعرف على: 1- الوهن النفسي لدى المرشدين التربويين. 2-دلالة الفروق الإحصائية في الوهن النفسي وفق متغير النوع(ذكور-إناث). 3- مستوى الأداء الوظيفي لدى المرشدين التربويون. 4- دلالة الفروق الإحصائية في مستوى الأداء الوظيفي وفق متغير النوع(ذكور-إناث). 5- العلاقة بين الوهن النفسي ومستوى الأداء الوظيفي لدى المرشدين التربويين. اقتصر البحث الحالي على المرشدين التربويين من كلا الجنسين في محافظة الأنبار قضاء الرمادي ضمن مديرية تربية الأنبار. اعتمد الباحثان خطوات المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي لتحقيق أهداف بحثه, وتكون مجتمع البحث الحالي من جميع المرشدين، البالغ عددهم(80) مرشداً ومرشدة. وتحقيقاً لأهداف البحث تم بناء مقياس الوهن النفسي ومقياس الأداء الوظيفي من قبل الباحثين.وتحقق الباحثان من الخصائص السايكومترية للمقياسين. وقد تم تطبيق المقياسين على مجتمع البحث بعد معالجة البيانات بالوسائل الإحصائية الآتية: مربع كاي, معامل ارتباط بيرسون, الاختبار التائي لعيّنة واحدة, الاختبار التائي لمجموعتين مستقلتين. أظهرت النتائج الاتي: 1- إن أفراد عيّنة البحث بشكل عام يعانون من الوهن النفسي, وهناك فروق تعود لصالح الذكور. 2-مستوى الأداء الوظيفي أعلى من المتوسط لدى أفراد العيّنة. 3- وجود علاقة عكسية بين الوهن النفسي والأداء الوظيفي.The career of psychological guidance promotes human development by investing human potentials and potentials by using reason and thinking in order to build an advanced society by providing a better picture of the guidance process. The current research aims to identify:                                                   1- psychological weakness of the educational counselors. 2 - Significance of statistical differences in psychological weakness according to gender variable (male - female). 3 - the level of performance of educational counselors. 4 - the significance of statistical differences in the level of performance of the function according to the type variable (male - female). 5 - The relationship between psychological weakness and the level of performance of educational counselors. The current study was limited to educational counselors of both sexes in Anbar province, Ramadi district within the Directorate of Anbar Education. The researchers adopted the descriptive descriptive steps to achieve the objectives of his research. The current research community consists of all 80 mentors and mentors. To achieve the objectives of the research was built on the measure of psychological weakness and the measure of performance by the researchers. The two researchers also investigated the cycometric properties of the two measurements. The two measures were applied to the research community after processing the data using the following statistical means: the Kai square, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the one-term meta-test, the two-group tit test. The results showed that: 1. The members of the research sample in general suffer from mental weakness, and there are differences in favor of males. 2 - the level of performance higher than the average among the sample members. 3 - There is an inverse relationship between psychological weakness and functional performance

Implementation of variational iteration method for various types of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations

There are various linear and nonlinear one-dimensional partial differential equations that are the focus of this research. There are a large number of these equations that cannot be solved analytically or precisely. The evaluation of nonlinear partial differential equations, even if analytical solutions exist, may be problematic. Therefore, it may be necessary to use approximate analytical methodologies to solve these issues. As a result, a more effective and accurate approach must be investigated and analyzed. It is shown in this study that the Lagrange multiplier may be used to get an ideal value for parameters in a functional form and then used to construct an iterative series solution. Linear and nonlinear partial differential equations may both be solved using the variational iteration method (VIM) method, thanks to its high computing power and high efficiency. Decoding and analyzing possible Korteweg-De-Vries, Benjamin, and Airy equations demonstrates the method’s ability. With just a few iterations, the produced findings are very effective, precise, and convergent to the exact answer. As a result, solving nonlinear equations using VIM is regarded as a viable option

Preparation and Evaluation of Azithromycin as Rectal Suppository to Treat Bacterial Infection of COVID-19

In this study azithromycin was formulated for the first time as co-amorphous system suppository system to achieve the maximum bioavailability and to avoid the side effect that might be with oral route which is associated with this drug during treatment of Corona virus secondary bacterial infection. In this study the co-amorphous system was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray Diffractometry (PXRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Eight different suppository formulas were prepared, these formulas were subjected to the dissolution test by Ph. Eur. Apparatus I (basket apparatus). The antibacterial activity was measured by the agar well-diffusion method. The results revealed the formation co-amorphous system. The formula in co-amorphous system with glycerin showed the best release for both azithromycin and curcumin. The combination and co-amorphous system showed double value of zone of inhibition rather than the drugs alone. This study will be interested in drugs company to find alternative rout of drug administration for serious infection that associated with GIT symptoms.   

Evaluation of the synergistic effects of synthesized silver nanoparticles conjugated tetracycline

The antibiotic impacts of classical drugs against bacteria could be enhanced via the conjugation of silver nanoparticles. After the successful coating of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Tetracycline, the characterization of the conjugate properties was achieved through measurements with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). The SEM analysis shows the appearance of silver nanoparticles with an average particle size of 22.82 nm and a cubic shape. Meanwhile, the EDX spectrum of silver NPs exhibits peaks corresponding to elemental silver. The anti-bacterial activity of pure Tetracycline and tetracycline-AgNP conjugates was examined against ten isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The tetracycline/AgNPs nanoparticles also strongly inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, as shown in experiments that involved the determination of the lowest inhibitory and lethal concentrations. It is noted that all of the isolates recorded the minimum inhibitory concentration at 60%, while the minimum inhibitory concentration for two isolates (1 and 10) was 100%. Genetically, higher frequencies of total chromosomal aberrations (TCAs) in blood cells were correlated with higher NP concentrations. The tetracycline-AgNPs effectively scavenged the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Toxicity tests against MCF-7 cancer cells revealed an antitumor effect of NPs against cancer cells, showing the capability of inhibiting the proliferation of cells and demonstrating highly significant effects.&nbsp

Potential applications of wastes from energy generation particularly biochar in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, abundant agricultural wastes are generated yearly. Therefore it is beneficial to discover new ways to utilize the wastes and employ the carbon source in different industries. Biochar are produced through many heat treatments such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis for energy generation. The characteristics of these stable carbons such as the physical properties, chemical composition, surface area and surface chemistry determine the effectiveness of the cabon in different applications. Biochar has the ability to retain carbon and this condition is advantageous to prevent the release of carbon back to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Application of biochar to soil helps to improve soil fertility and raise agricultural productivity. Biochar also has the ability to reduce carbon dioxide in the flue gas system. There have only been a few studies that discuss on the potential applications of this agriculture waste. The biochar's potential application as carbon sequester for soil application, energy production and dye sorption is being explored in this paper

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised