363 research outputs found

    "Jag var fascinerad över att vara befriad frÄn familjelivet." Kvinnor, kvinnlighet och konsekvener i Alice Munros KÀrlek, vÀnskap, hat

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    Detta examensarbete riktar intresse mot framstĂ€llningen av de kvinnliga karaktĂ€rerna i tre av Alice Munros noveller ur samlingen KĂ€rlek, vĂ€nskap, hat (2001); ”Tröst, ”NĂ€sslor” samt ”Flytande bro”. Syftet Ă€r att utifrĂ„n ett feministiskt perspektiv granska dessa karaktĂ€rer för att finna eventuella mönster i framstĂ€llningen av kvinnorna. Uppsatsen undersöker Ă€ven vilket stöd det finns för att benĂ€mna novellerna som feministiska berĂ€ttelser. Analysen utgĂ„r dels frĂ„n den feministiska litteraturteorin, dels frĂ„n den norska litteraturprofessorn Toril Mois tankar om kvinnobilder i litteratur. I resultatdelen framkommer att de tre novellerna innefattar sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga kvinnor med tydliga personligheter. Novellerna kan sĂ„ledes betraktas som feministiska berĂ€ttelser, men om det har varit Munros primĂ€ra avsikt att författa feministisk litteratur Ă€r svĂ„rt att faststĂ€lla

    Pilotstudie om olika etableringsmetoder för vÄrkorn med universalsÄmaskin i norra SmÄland

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    Det finns bĂ„de tid och pengar att spara med direktsĂ„dd. Ca 50 – 70 % billigare och runt en timme mindre arbetstid pĂ„ Ă„kern per hektar. Ska direktsĂ„dden endast tillĂ€mpas pĂ„ en del av arealen bör det vara nĂ„gon typ av universalsĂ„maskin som klarar av bĂ„de direktsĂ„dden och den konventionella sĂ„dden. I de fall som gĂ„r över helt till direktsĂ„dd kan andra typer av sĂ„maskiner anvĂ€ndas. Rydberg (2014) har genomfört lĂ„ngliggande försök pĂ„ direktsĂ„dd och kan redovisa vissa Ă„r som det direktsĂ„dda till och med har högre skörd Ă€n det konventionella med plöjning harvning och sĂ„dd. Brist pĂ„ arbetskraft Ă€r nĂ„got som branschen i stort lider av. DĂ€rför Ă€r det intressant om det gĂ„r att rationalisera bort nĂ„gra moment utan att göra för stora avkall pĂ„ skörden. Lantbrukare Ă€r ofta bestĂ€mda om vilken metod som passar dem bĂ€st och kör pĂ„ det till 100 %, men för att hinna med vissa Ă„r kanske det hade varit idĂ© att utnyttja tekniken pĂ„ ett annat sĂ€tt. Denna studie kommer utgĂ„ frĂ„n en universalsĂ„maskin som sĂ„r vĂ„rkorn i stubb i norra SmĂ„land och jĂ€mföras med sĂ„dd i plogtilta. Norra SmĂ„land Ă€r valt eftersom det inte Ă€r sĂ„ vanligt med direktsĂ„dd dĂ€r. I pilotstudien pĂ„ fĂ€ltet i norra SmĂ„land Ă€r det tre metoder som jĂ€mförs; plöjning med sĂ„dd i plogtilta, sĂ„dd i stubb med bearbetande förredskap och direktsĂ„dd utan förredskap. Jordarten Ă€r mmh l mo (mĂ„ttligt mullhaltig lerig mo) och grödan vĂ„rkorn. Uppföljningen sker genom att kornaxen klipps av och vĂ€gs pĂ„ utmĂ€tta provpunkter, 4 punkter per etableringsmetod. Uppkomsten av vĂ„rkornet var bra och jĂ€mn pĂ„ det plöjda och det bearbetade ledet. Det obearbetade hade sĂ€mre uppkomst. Det plöjda hade obefintligt med ogrĂ€s, det bearbetade hade lite ogrĂ€s dĂ€remot hade det obearbetade mycket stor ogrĂ€sförekomst med stora plantor av bĂ„de spillraps och baldersbrĂ„. 27 dagar efter sĂ„dd gjordes en ogrĂ€sbekĂ€mpning med god verkan. Det obearbetade sĂ„g sĂ€mre ut under hela vĂ€xtsĂ€songen och det visade sig i skörderesultatet. Medel för obearbetat 0,37 kg ax/m2, bearbetat 0,45 kg ax/m2 och plöjt 0,48 kg ax/m2. Och eftersom det Ă€r förhĂ„llandevis fĂ„ provytor ger det ingen statistisk skillnad mellan metoderna. Slutsatsen Ă€r att: - Skillnaden i skörd mellan plöjt och den bearbetande sĂ„dden Ă€r mycket liten. Det visar att det gĂ„r att minska insatserna i form av bearbetning utan en dramatisk minskning av skörd. - Det obearbetade ledet var betydligt sĂ€mre överlag, bĂ„de skördemĂ€ssigt och ekonomiskt. - Studien visar pĂ„ att sĂ„dd med bearbetande förredskap Ă€r ekonomiskt fördelaktigt om konventionell etablering med plöjning, harvning och sĂ„dd kostar 1 500 kr/ha och det sker en kostnadsbesparing pĂ„ 67 % och spannmĂ„lspriset Ă€r under 3 000 kr/ton.There is both time and money to save with direct drilling. About 50 - 70% cheaper and around one hour less working time on the field per hectare. Should the direct drill be applied only to part of the acreage, there should be some type of combination seed drill that can handle both the direct drill and the conventional sowing. Other types of seed drills can be used in those cases that go all the way to direct seeding. Rydberg (2014) has carried out long-term trials on direct sowing and can report some years that the direct view even has higher harvest than the conventional one. Lack of labor is something that the agriculture generally suffers from. Therefore, it is interesting if it is possible to rationalize some parts without making too much of the harvest. Farmers are often determined on which method suits them best and runs on it to 100%, but to catch up with some years it might have been an idea to utilize the technology in a different way. This study will be based on a disc drill seeder sowing on stubble in northern SmĂ„land and compared with sowing in furrow. Northern SmĂ„land is selected because it is not so common with direct drilling there. In the study in the field in northern SmĂ„land, three methods are compared; plowing and sowing in furrow, sowing on stubble with processing equipment and direct drilling without pre-tools. The soil is moderately mulled with muddy mo and the crop spring barley. Follow-up is done by cutting off the ear and weighing it on measured sample points, 4 points per establishment. The emergence was good and even on the plowed and the processed. The unprocessed had a poorer appearance. The plowed had no weeds, the processed had a little weed on the other hand, the unprocessed had very large weed occurrence with large plants of both rape and bald crawfish. 27 days after sowing, a weed control was done with good effect. The unprocessed looked worse during the whole growing season and it turned out in the harvest result. Means for unprocessed 0.37 kg ear/m2, processed 0.45 kg ear/m2 and plowed 0.48 kg ear/m2. And since there are relatively few sample areas, there is no statistical difference between the methods. The conclusion is: - The difference in harvest between the plow and seeding with processing equipment is very small. This shows that it is possible to reduce efforts in the form of processing without a dramatic reduction in harvesting. - The unprocessed was considerably worse overall, both harvesting and economically. - The study shows that sowing with processing equipment on the disc seeder is economically advantageous if conventional sowing costs SEK 1,500 / ha and a saving of 67% and the grain price is below SEK 3,000 / tonne

    Digital konst för stadens vÀntrum

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    Tid förhĂ„ller vi oss alla till. Ibland sker glapp i tidsplaneringen och dĂ„ intrĂ€der vĂ€ntan och vĂ€ntrummet. Generellt Ă€r vĂ€ntan nĂ„got som upplevs som trĂ„kigt och de flesta försöker att undvika att vĂ€nta eller Ă„tminstone upplevelsen av att vĂ€nta. PĂ„ perronger uppstĂ„r sĂ„dana vĂ€ntrum och trots att dessa offentliga platser Ă€r Ă€mnade för att vĂ€nta pĂ„ Ă€r de sĂ€llan utformade för att stimulera dess resenĂ€rer. PĂ„ perrongerna Triangeln och Malmö C i Malmö finns konst som förbigĂ„r det konventionella. Konsten Ă€r av digital prĂ€gel. I denna studie undersöks hur digital konst lĂ€mpar sig som arkitektoniskt element för att förhöja kvaliteten pĂ„ vĂ€ntan vid perronger. Syftet med denna studie var att bidra med kunskap om stadens vĂ€ntplatser och digitaliseringens roll inom arkitekturen och stadsplaneringen samt att fĂ„ en egen ökad förstĂ„else för dessa. Även att bidra med kunskap om hur dessa, i framtiden, kan utvecklas och nyttjas i utformningen av stadens offentliga vĂ€ntplatser. Datainsamlingen har gjorts genom fallstudier pĂ„ Triangeln och Malmö C som utarbetats genom tre stycken pilotstudier pĂ„ Uppsala C. Litteraturstudier av mestadels elektroniska vetenskapliga texter har utgjort underlag för diskussion och jĂ€mförelse av insamlade data. Resultatet visade att digital konst kan som arkitektoniskt element, bidra till en mer kvalitativ vĂ€ntan och att dess roll inte behöver vara primĂ€r för att göra detta. Aktiviteten pĂ„ perronger pĂ„verkas av den fysiska utformningen av vĂ€ntrummet samt att upplevelsen av den digitala konsten pĂ„verkas av aktiviteten pĂ„ perrongerna. Av resultatet framgĂ„r det att stimulanser pĂ„verkar den upplevda vĂ€ntetiden för resenĂ€rerna och att det finns en konkurrens mellan olika stimulanser pĂ„ perrongen, varav en av dessa Ă€r frĂ„n digital konst. En av slutsatserna frĂ„n studien Ă€r att digital konst pĂ„ perronger betraktas pĂ„ ett vis som skiljer sig frĂ„n konst pĂ„ museum och att dess roll dĂ€rav blir en annan. Det som kvarstĂ„r att undersökas Ă€r bland annat hur den digitala konstens innehĂ„ll Ă€r kopplat till betraktarens kĂ€nslor och hur det kan anvĂ€ndas inom arkitekturen.Time is something we can all relate to. Sometimes gaps occur in planning of time whereby the wait and the waiting room enters. Generally, waiting is considered boring and most people try to avoid waiting or at least the experience of waiting. In train platforms, such waiting rooms occurs and despite the fact that these public places are destined for waiting are they rarely designed to stimulate the travellers. On the platforms Triangeln and Malmö C in Malmö there is art that exceeds the conventional kind. The art is of digital approach. This study examines how digital art is suitable as an architectural element to improve the qualities of waiting in platforms. The aim of this study was to contribute knowledge about the waiting spots in the city and the role of digitization within architecture and city planning, as well to increase my own knowledge within these. Furthermore, the aim was to contribute knowledge about how these could be developed and used in the future. Collection of data has been done through case studies at Triangeln and Malmö C which was developed and structured through three pilot studies at Uppsala C. The literature study on mostly electronic scientific papers has been used as basis of discussion and comparison of the collected data. The results indicated that digital as an architectural element, can contribute to a more qualitative wait and that its role does not have to be primary to do so. The activity at platforms is affected by the physical design of the waiting room and the experience of the digital art is affected by the activity on the platform. It appears from the results that different stimuli affect the traveller’s waiting experience and that there is a competition among stimuli at platform whereby digital art compose one of them. One of the conclusions from this study is that digital art at platforms can be viewed in a way that differs from art in museums which also provides digital art with a different role. What remains to be examined is, among other, how the content of digital art is connected to the viewer’s emotions and how this can be used within architecture

    Wheel–rail impact loads and axle bending stress simulated for generic distributions and shapes of discrete wheel tread damage

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    Wheel–rail impact loads generated by discrete wheel tread irregularities may result in high dynamic bending stresses in the wheelset axle, leading to a decrease in component life and an elevated risk for fatigue failure. In this paper, a versatile and cost-efficient method to simulate the vertical dynamic interaction between a wheelset and railway track, accounting for generic distributions and shapes of wheel tread damage, is presented. The wheelset (comprising two wheels, axle and any attached equipment for braking and power transmission) and track with two discretely supported rails are described by three-dimensional finite element (FE) models. The coupling between the two wheel‒rail contacts (one on each wheel) via the wheelset axle and via the sleepers is considered. The simulation of dynamic vehicle–track interaction is carried out in the time domain using a convolution integral approach, while the non-linear wheel–rail normal contact is solved using Kalker’s variational method. Wheelset designs that are non-symmetric with respect to the centre of the axle, track support conditions that are non-symmetric with respect to the centre of the track, as well as non-symmetric distributions of tread damage on the two wheels (or irregularities on the two rails) can be studied. Time-variant stresses are computed for the locations in the wheelset axle which are prone to fatigue. Based on Green’s functions for stress established using the wheelset FE model, this is achieved in a post-processing step. An extensive parametric study has been performed where wheel–rail impact loads and axle stresses have been computed for different distributions and sizes of tread damage as well as for different train speeds

    The prognostic value of global haemostatic tests in the intensive care unit setting.

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    BACKGROUND: Global haemostatic tests are often abnormal in critically ill patients, secondary to activation or consumption of coagulation factors or inhibitors. Methods for analysing plasma levels of these factors are, however, not widely available, and the predictive value of global tests is not known. We examined the clinical applicability to predict the outcome of the global haemostatic tests used at most hospitals. METHODS: Blood was collected from patients within 6 h of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and tested regarding platelet count, International Normalized Ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Ninety-two patients with platelet counts 1.36 and/or APTT >45 s were included in a study group, and an additional 92 patients with a comparable age and sex distribution, but not fulfilling these laboratory criteria, constituted a control group. The following data were recorded for each patient: number of days in the ICU and hospital; alive or deceased when released from the ICU and hospital; survival at 30 days and 180 days. RESULTS: Survival upon discharge from the ICU and hospital was significantly reduced in the study group. This was especially pronounced in patients with medical disorders, whereas the survival rate was slightly higher in surgery patients. Expressing the survival predicting ability of the screening tests as odds ratios for all patients (study and control groups together) indicated that prolonged APTT in particular foretold a lower survival rate at studied time-points after admission to the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The global haemostatic tests INR and APTT can predict survival in critically ill patients, and prolonged APTT in particular seems to be associated with a negative prognosis

    ”Behandlingspedagogerna Ă€r ju egentligen mer utbildade pĂ„ behandlingsarbetet – det Ă€r bara sĂ„â€ En kvalitativ studie om rekrytering till hem för vĂ„rd eller boende

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    According to the 2009 report by National Board of Health and Welfare’s, 20 % of employees who works with treatment at homes for treatment or living lacked appropriate education to undertake their job role. In the light of this we decided to examine the recruitment criterias used at homes for treatment or living and also which role the social worker has at these institutions. We have taken a qualitative approach to our research, conducting seven interviews with the persons responsible for the recruitment at homes for treatment or living in SkĂ„ne. We have asked questions about the recruitment process, what education and qualities that are required and prioritized, and the type of individuals who apply for posts at homes for treatment or living. Furthermore, we have asked how the recruiters comply with the law and official regulations concerning the competence level at homes for treatment or living. The study had a profession theory point of view with a focus on the term jurisdiction. Our result shows that the recruiters request former experiences and personal suitability combined with an adequate education. The recruiters stated that they use the law and the official regulations as a support during the recruitment process, although we found a discrepancy between the recruiters’ statements and reality. Throughout the study we found that the social worker lacks the unique knowledge suitable for treatment at homes for treatment or living, and therefore it can be questioned whether it is a workplace for social workers or not

    Modelling of temperature and strain rate dependent behaviour of pearlitic steel in block braked railway wheels

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    Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading. The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep, relaxation and static recovery of the wheel material. At the same time, the rolling contact loading implies a very fast mechanical load application. This paper is focused on material modeling of pearlitic steel for a wide range of loading rates at elevated temperatures. The starting point is a viscoplasticity model including nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening. The Delobelle overstress function is employed to capture strain rate dependent response of the material. The model also includes static recovery of the hardening to capture slower viscous (diffusion dominated) behaviour of the material. Experiments for the pearlitic wheel steel ER7 in terms of cyclic strain-controlled uniaxial tests with hold-time, uniaxial ratchetting tests including rapid cycles and biaxial cyclic tests with tension/compression and torsion are used to calibrate the material model. These experiments were performed under isothermal conditions at different temperatures. In the ratchetting tests, higher loading rates are obtained and these have been used to calibrate the high strain rate response of the viscoplasticity model. The paper is concluded with a numerical example of a block braked wheel where the importance of accounting for the viscoplasticity in modelling is highlighted

    Beslutsprocess vid förvÀrv av jordbruksmark

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    Jordbruksmark Ă€r en grundförutsĂ€ttning för lantbruksföretag. De som bedriver djurproduktion behöver spridningsareal och foder. VĂ€xtodlingsföretagen behöver öka arealen för att kunna vĂ€xa. AvstĂ„ndet till ytterligare areal har stor betydelse om det Ă€r intressant eller ej. Det gör att jordbruksmark blir en begrĂ€nsad resurs i omrĂ„den med flera aktiva lantbrukare. Jordbruksmark Ă€r en lĂ„ngsiktig investering eftersom ekonomi och produktion kommer pĂ„verkas under lĂ„ng tid framöver. Dock Ă€r det endast vid fĂ„ tillfĂ€llen som en fastighet i nĂ€rheten blir till salu, vilket gör det svĂ„rt att planera förvĂ€rv i förvĂ€g. Hur resonerar lantbrukare nĂ€r intressanta fastigheter blir till salu och vilka Ă€r det som köper? LitteraturgenomgĂ„ngen berör beslutsprocessen och delarna strategi, personlighet, riskanalys och rĂ„dgivarens roll. Även intervjuerna anvĂ€nder samma rubriker för att kunna dra slutsatserna lĂ€ngre fram i arbetet. Det Ă€r sex affĂ€rsrĂ„dgivare som har intervjuats. De arbetar med ekonomisk rĂ„dgivning till lantbrukare samt Ă€r insatta i Ă€mnet markförvĂ€rv. Personerna arbetar i olika delar av landet och Ă€r i varierande Ă„ldrar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts via telefon. Intervjuerna har sammanfattats under fyra rubriker för att kunna jĂ€mföra svaren och dra slutsatser. Företagarens instĂ€llning till risk har konstaterats till den viktigaste faktorn om ett köp genomförs eller ej. Det förutsĂ€tter ocksĂ„ att företagaren har tillrĂ€ckligt kapital för att belĂ„ningen ska vara rimlig efter köpet. Vanligtvis Ă€ger de redan mark som Ă€r lĂ„gt belĂ„nad och kan anvĂ€nda den för att hĂ„lla nere den totala belĂ„ningsgraden. Kapitalbehovet gör att de flesta köpare Ă€r i 50 – 60 Ă„rs Ă„ldern, dĂ„ expanderar de fortfarande och har varit igĂ„ng sĂ„ lĂ€nge att de Ă€r trygga i den befintliga produktionen. RĂ„dgivarna tar fram kalkyler och underlag hur förvĂ€rvet kommer pĂ„verka företaget samtidigt som de fungerar som ett bollplank. Största risken som respondenterna anger Ă€r rĂ€ntehöjningar. I princip alla vill köpa grannfastigheten, lantbrukare gillar helt enkelt att Ă€ga mark. Markköp kan vara en del i en strategi för ett lĂ„ngsiktigt företagande men kan lika gĂ€rna vara ett personligt mĂ„l. I de fallen Ă€r det viktigare med en strategi för att bygga kapital som kan anvĂ€ndas nĂ€r tillfĂ€llet dyker upp.Agricultural land is a basic prerequisite for agricultural companies. Those engaged in animal production need the spreading area and feed. Crop farm companies must increase the area in order to explain their production. The distance to additional area is of great importance whether it is interesting or not. This means that agricultural land becomes a limited resource in areas with several active farmers. Agricultural land is a long-term investment that will effect economy and production function for a long time to come. However, it is only on a few occasions that a property in the vicinity becomes for sale, which makes it difficult to plan acquisitions in advance. How do farmers then reason when interesting properties are for sale and who are the buyers? The theoretical framework addresses the decision-making process and the parts strategy, personality, risk analysis and the role of the advisor. The interviews uses the same headings to support the conclusions. Six business advisers have been interviewed. They work with counselling to farmers and are familiar with the subject of land acquisition. The advisers work in different parts of the country and are different in age. Semi-structured interviews have been performed over the phone. The interviews have been summarized under four headings to compare the answers and draw conclusions. The farmers attitude to risk has been determined as the important factor whether a purchase is made or not. It also assumes that the entrepreneur has sufficient capital for the loan to be reasonable after the purchase. Usually, they own previously lowmortgaged land and can use it to keep down the overall loan-to-value ratio. The need for capital means that most buyers are in the age of 50 - 60, when they are still expanding and have been running for so long that they are secure in their production. The advisors provide calculations and supporting documents on how the acquisition will affect the company while at the same time acting as a discussion partner. The biggest risk for the farmers is a rasie of the interest rate Almost everyone wants to buy the neighbouring property, farmers simply like to own land. Land purchase can be part of a long-term strategy for the company, but may as well be a personal goal. I've fallen into the importance of a strategy to build capital that can be found when the opportunity arises. In those cases that’s more important to build capital to have money when the property gets to sale

    Thermomechanical testing and modelling of railway wheel steel

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    Studies of thermal effects of tread braking on railway wheels show that the wheel temperatures may reach above 600 \ub0C, at which the mechanical properties of the wheel steel are significantly impaired. Computational models that simulate the thermomechanical behaviour of the wheels are commonly based on results from laboratory tests which do not reflect actual in-service scenarios. Anisothermal testing and modelling are omitted due to the difficulties in designing relevant experiments and implementation of the results. In this paper, a preexisting numerical material model is extended in order to implement fully anisothermal behaviour. This is done by performing several thermomechanical experiments mimicking real-world service and worst-case scenarios ranging from room temperature up to 650 \ub0C. The results from the laboratory testing are then used in combination with data from traditional isothermal tests to optimise the numerical material model by calibrating its material parameters. As part of this process it was found necessary to include a time- and temperature-dependent, non-recoverable (irreversible) mechanism for material softening and microstructural changes which occur above 400 \ub0C. Finite element simulations with the material model using the new parameters and the softening law show markedly improved adherence to anisothermal and strain-controlled experimental results compared to the preexisting model(s). The results demonstrate that anisothermal testing is a requirement for models that are intended to simulate material behaviour for thermomechanical loads and thermally induced microstructural changes
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