363 research outputs found
"Jag var fascinerad över att vara befriad frÄn familjelivet." Kvinnor, kvinnlighet och konsekvener i Alice Munros KÀrlek, vÀnskap, hat
Detta examensarbete riktar intresse mot framstĂ€llningen av de kvinnliga karaktĂ€rerna i tre av Alice Munros noveller ur samlingen KĂ€rlek, vĂ€nskap, hat (2001); âTröst, âNĂ€sslorâ samt âFlytande broâ. Syftet Ă€r att utifrĂ„n ett feministiskt perspektiv granska dessa karaktĂ€rer för att finna eventuella mönster i framstĂ€llningen av kvinnorna. Uppsatsen undersöker Ă€ven vilket stöd det finns för att benĂ€mna novellerna som feministiska berĂ€ttelser. Analysen utgĂ„r dels frĂ„n den feministiska litteraturteorin, dels frĂ„n den norska litteraturprofessorn Toril Mois tankar om kvinnobilder i litteratur. I resultatdelen framkommer att de tre novellerna innefattar sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga kvinnor med tydliga personligheter. Novellerna kan sĂ„ledes betraktas som feministiska berĂ€ttelser, men om det har varit Munros primĂ€ra avsikt att författa feministisk litteratur Ă€r svĂ„rt att faststĂ€lla
Pilotstudie om olika etableringsmetoder för vÄrkorn med universalsÄmaskin i norra SmÄland
Det finns bĂ„de tid och pengar att spara med direktsĂ„dd. Ca 50 â 70 % billigare och runt en timme mindre arbetstid pĂ„ Ă„kern per hektar. Ska direktsĂ„dden endast tillĂ€mpas pĂ„ en del av arealen bör det vara nĂ„gon typ av universalsĂ„maskin som klarar av bĂ„de direktsĂ„dden och den konventionella sĂ„dden. I de fall som gĂ„r över helt till direktsĂ„dd kan andra typer av sĂ„maskiner anvĂ€ndas. Rydberg (2014) har genomfört lĂ„ngliggande försök pĂ„ direktsĂ„dd och kan redovisa vissa Ă„r som det direktsĂ„dda till och med har högre skörd Ă€n det konventionella med plöjning harvning och sĂ„dd.
Brist pÄ arbetskraft Àr nÄgot som branschen i stort lider av. DÀrför Àr det intressant om det gÄr att rationalisera bort nÄgra moment utan att göra för stora avkall pÄ skörden. Lantbrukare Àr ofta bestÀmda om vilken metod som passar dem bÀst och kör pÄ det till 100 %, men för att hinna med vissa Är kanske det hade varit idé att utnyttja tekniken pÄ ett annat sÀtt. Denna studie kommer utgÄ frÄn en universalsÄmaskin som sÄr vÄrkorn i stubb i norra SmÄland och jÀmföras med sÄdd i plogtilta. Norra SmÄland Àr valt eftersom det inte Àr sÄ vanligt med direktsÄdd dÀr.
I pilotstudien pÄ fÀltet i norra SmÄland Àr det tre metoder som jÀmförs; plöjning med sÄdd i plogtilta, sÄdd i stubb med bearbetande förredskap och direktsÄdd utan förredskap. Jordarten Àr mmh l mo (mÄttligt mullhaltig lerig mo) och grödan vÄrkorn. Uppföljningen sker genom att kornaxen klipps av och vÀgs pÄ utmÀtta provpunkter, 4 punkter per etableringsmetod.
Uppkomsten av vÄrkornet var bra och jÀmn pÄ det plöjda och det bearbetade ledet. Det obearbetade hade sÀmre uppkomst. Det plöjda hade obefintligt med ogrÀs, det bearbetade hade lite ogrÀs dÀremot hade det obearbetade mycket stor ogrÀsförekomst med stora plantor av bÄde spillraps och baldersbrÄ. 27 dagar efter sÄdd gjordes en ogrÀsbekÀmpning med god verkan. Det obearbetade sÄg sÀmre ut under hela vÀxtsÀsongen och det visade sig i skörderesultatet. Medel för obearbetat 0,37 kg ax/m2, bearbetat 0,45 kg ax/m2 och plöjt 0,48 kg ax/m2. Och eftersom det Àr förhÄllandevis fÄ provytor ger det ingen statistisk skillnad mellan metoderna.
Slutsatsen Àr att:
- Skillnaden i skörd mellan plöjt och den bearbetande sÄdden Àr mycket liten. Det visar att det gÄr att minska insatserna i form av bearbetning utan en dramatisk minskning av skörd.
- Det obearbetade ledet var betydligt sÀmre överlag, bÄde skördemÀssigt och ekonomiskt.
- Studien visar pÄ att sÄdd med bearbetande förredskap Àr ekonomiskt fördelaktigt om konventionell etablering med plöjning, harvning och sÄdd kostar 1 500 kr/ha och det sker en kostnadsbesparing pÄ 67 % och spannmÄlspriset Àr under 3 000 kr/ton.There is both time and money to save with direct drilling. About 50 - 70% cheaper and around one hour less working time on the field per hectare. Should the direct drill be applied only to part of the acreage, there should be some type of combination seed drill that can handle both the direct drill and the conventional sowing. Other types of seed drills can be used in those cases that go all the way to direct seeding. Rydberg (2014) has carried out long-term trials on direct sowing and can report some years that the direct view even has higher harvest than the conventional one.
Lack of labor is something that the agriculture generally suffers from. Therefore, it is interesting if it is possible to rationalize some parts without making too much of the harvest. Farmers are often determined on which method suits them best and runs on it to 100%, but to catch up with some years it might have been an idea to utilize the technology in a different way. This study will be based on a disc drill seeder sowing on stubble in northern SmÄland and compared with sowing in furrow. Northern SmÄland is selected because it is not so common with direct drilling there.
In the study in the field in northern SmÄland, three methods are compared; plowing and sowing in furrow, sowing on stubble with processing equipment and direct drilling without pre-tools. The soil is moderately mulled with muddy mo and the crop spring barley. Follow-up is done by cutting off the ear and weighing it on measured sample points, 4 points per establishment.
The emergence was good and even on the plowed and the processed. The unprocessed had a poorer appearance. The plowed had no weeds, the processed had a little weed on the other hand, the unprocessed had very large weed occurrence with large plants of both rape and bald crawfish. 27 days after sowing, a weed control was done with good effect. The unprocessed looked worse during the whole growing season and it turned out in the harvest result. Means for unprocessed 0.37 kg ear/m2, processed 0.45 kg ear/m2 and plowed 0.48 kg ear/m2. And since there are relatively few sample areas, there is no statistical difference between the methods.
The conclusion is:
- The difference in harvest between the plow and seeding with processing equipment is very small. This shows that it is possible to reduce efforts in the form of processing without a dramatic reduction in harvesting.
- The unprocessed was considerably worse overall, both harvesting and economically.
- The study shows that sowing with processing equipment on the disc seeder is economically advantageous if conventional sowing costs SEK 1,500 / ha and a saving of 67% and the grain price is below SEK 3,000 / tonne
Digital konst för stadens vÀntrum
Tid förhÄller vi oss alla till. Ibland sker glapp i tidsplaneringen och dÄ intrÀder vÀntan och vÀntrummet. Generellt Àr vÀntan nÄgot som upplevs som trÄkigt och de flesta försöker att undvika att vÀnta eller Ätminstone upplevelsen av att vÀnta. PÄ perronger uppstÄr sÄdana vÀntrum och trots att dessa offentliga platser Àr Àmnade för att vÀnta pÄ Àr de sÀllan utformade för att stimulera dess resenÀrer. PÄ perrongerna Triangeln och Malmö C i Malmö finns konst som förbigÄr det konventionella. Konsten Àr av digital prÀgel. I denna studie undersöks hur digital konst lÀmpar sig som arkitektoniskt element för att förhöja kvaliteten pÄ vÀntan vid perronger.
Syftet med denna studie var att bidra med kunskap om stadens vĂ€ntplatser och digitaliseringens roll inom arkitekturen och stadsplaneringen samt att fĂ„ en egen ökad förstĂ„else för dessa. Ăven att bidra med kunskap om hur dessa, i framtiden, kan utvecklas och nyttjas i utformningen av stadens offentliga vĂ€ntplatser.
Datainsamlingen har gjorts genom fallstudier pÄ Triangeln och Malmö C som utarbetats genom tre stycken pilotstudier pÄ Uppsala C. Litteraturstudier av mestadels elektroniska vetenskapliga texter har utgjort underlag för diskussion och jÀmförelse av insamlade data.
Resultatet visade att digital konst kan som arkitektoniskt element, bidra till en mer kvalitativ
vÀntan och att dess roll inte behöver vara primÀr för att göra detta. Aktiviteten pÄ perronger pÄverkas av den fysiska utformningen av vÀntrummet samt att upplevelsen av den digitala konsten pÄverkas av aktiviteten pÄ perrongerna. Av resultatet framgÄr det att stimulanser pÄverkar den upplevda vÀntetiden för resenÀrerna och att det finns en konkurrens mellan olika stimulanser pÄ perrongen, varav en av dessa Àr frÄn digital konst.
En av slutsatserna frÄn studien Àr att digital konst pÄ perronger betraktas pÄ ett vis som skiljer sig frÄn konst pÄ museum och att dess roll dÀrav blir en annan. Det som kvarstÄr att undersökas Àr bland annat hur den digitala konstens innehÄll Àr kopplat till betraktarens kÀnslor och hur det kan anvÀndas inom arkitekturen.Time is something we can all relate to. Sometimes gaps occur in planning of time whereby the wait and the waiting room enters. Generally, waiting is considered boring and most people try to avoid waiting or at least the experience of waiting. In train platforms, such waiting rooms occurs and despite the fact that these public places are destined for waiting are they rarely designed to stimulate the travellers. On the platforms Triangeln and Malmö C in Malmö there is art that exceeds the conventional kind. The art is of digital approach. This study examines how digital art is suitable as an architectural element to improve the qualities of waiting in platforms.
The aim of this study was to contribute knowledge about the waiting spots in the city and the role of digitization within architecture and city planning, as well to increase my own knowledge within these. Furthermore, the aim was to contribute knowledge about how these could be developed and used in the future.
Collection of data has been done through case studies at Triangeln and Malmö C which was developed and structured through three pilot studies at Uppsala C. The literature study on mostly electronic scientific papers has been used as basis of discussion and comparison of the collected data.
The results indicated that digital as an architectural element, can contribute to a more qualitative
wait and that its role does not have to be primary to do so. The activity at platforms is affected by the physical design of the waiting room and the experience of the digital art is affected by the activity on the platform. It appears from the results that different stimuli affect the travellerâs waiting experience and that there is a competition among stimuli at platform whereby digital art compose one of them.
One of the conclusions from this study is that digital art at platforms can be viewed in a way that differs from art in museums which also provides digital art with a different role. What remains to be examined is, among other, how the content of digital art is connected to the viewerâs emotions and how this can be used within architecture
Wheelârail impact loads and axle bending stress simulated for generic distributions and shapes of discrete wheel tread damage
Wheelârail impact loads generated by discrete wheel tread irregularities may result in high dynamic bending stresses in the wheelset axle, leading to a decrease in component life and an elevated risk for fatigue failure. In this paper, a versatile and cost-efficient method to simulate the vertical dynamic interaction between a wheelset and railway track, accounting for generic distributions and shapes of wheel tread damage, is presented. The wheelset (comprising two wheels, axle and any attached equipment for braking and power transmission) and track with two discretely supported rails are described by three-dimensional finite element (FE) models. The coupling between the two wheelârail contacts (one on each wheel) via the wheelset axle and via the sleepers is considered. The simulation of dynamic vehicleâtrack interaction is carried out in the time domain using a convolution integral approach, while the non-linear wheelârail normal contact is solved using Kalkerâs variational method. Wheelset designs that are non-symmetric with respect to the centre of the axle, track support conditions that are non-symmetric with respect to the centre of the track, as well as non-symmetric distributions of tread damage on the two wheels (or irregularities on the two rails) can be studied. Time-variant stresses are computed for the locations in the wheelset axle which are prone to fatigue. Based on Greenâs functions for stress established using the wheelset FE model, this is achieved in a post-processing step. An extensive parametric study has been performed where wheelârail impact loads and axle stresses have been computed for different distributions and sizes of tread damage as well as for different train speeds
The prognostic value of global haemostatic tests in the intensive care unit setting.
BACKGROUND: Global haemostatic tests are often abnormal in critically ill patients, secondary to activation or consumption of coagulation factors or inhibitors. Methods for analysing plasma levels of these factors are, however, not widely available, and the predictive value of global tests is not known. We examined the clinical applicability to predict the outcome of the global haemostatic tests used at most hospitals. METHODS: Blood was collected from patients within 6 h of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and tested regarding platelet count, International Normalized Ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Ninety-two patients with platelet counts 1.36 and/or APTT >45 s were included in a study group, and an additional 92 patients with a comparable age and sex distribution, but not fulfilling these laboratory criteria, constituted a control group. The following data were recorded for each patient: number of days in the ICU and hospital; alive or deceased when released from the ICU and hospital; survival at 30 days and 180 days. RESULTS: Survival upon discharge from the ICU and hospital was significantly reduced in the study group. This was especially pronounced in patients with medical disorders, whereas the survival rate was slightly higher in surgery patients. Expressing the survival predicting ability of the screening tests as odds ratios for all patients (study and control groups together) indicated that prolonged APTT in particular foretold a lower survival rate at studied time-points after admission to the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The global haemostatic tests INR and APTT can predict survival in critically ill patients, and prolonged APTT in particular seems to be associated with a negative prognosis
âBehandlingspedagogerna Ă€r ju egentligen mer utbildade pĂ„ behandlingsarbetet â det Ă€r bara sĂ„â En kvalitativ studie om rekrytering till hem för vĂ„rd eller boende
According to the 2009 report by National Board of Health and Welfareâs, 20 % of employees who works with treatment at homes for treatment or living lacked appropriate education to undertake their job role. In the light of this we decided to examine the recruitment criterias used at homes for treatment or living and also which role the social worker has at these institutions. We have taken a qualitative approach to our research, conducting seven interviews with the persons responsible for the recruitment at homes for treatment or living in SkĂ„ne. We have asked questions about the recruitment process, what education and qualities that are required and prioritized, and the type of individuals who apply for posts at homes for treatment or living. Furthermore, we have asked how the recruiters comply with the law and official regulations concerning the competence level at homes for treatment or living. The study had a profession theory point of view with a focus on the term jurisdiction. Our result shows that the recruiters request former experiences and personal suitability combined with an adequate education. The recruiters stated that they use the law and the official regulations as a support during the recruitment process, although we found a discrepancy between the recruitersâ statements and reality. Throughout the study we found that the social worker lacks the unique knowledge suitable for treatment at homes for treatment or living, and therefore it can be questioned whether it is a workplace for social workers or not
Modelling of temperature and strain rate dependent behaviour of pearlitic steel in block braked railway wheels
Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading. The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep, relaxation and static recovery of the wheel material. At the same time, the rolling contact loading implies a very fast mechanical load application. This paper is focused on material modeling of pearlitic steel for a wide range of loading rates at elevated temperatures. The starting point is a viscoplasticity model including nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening. The Delobelle overstress function is employed to capture strain rate dependent response of the material. The model also includes static recovery of the hardening to capture slower viscous (diffusion dominated) behaviour of the material. Experiments for the pearlitic wheel steel ER7 in terms of cyclic strain-controlled uniaxial tests with hold-time, uniaxial ratchetting tests including rapid cycles and biaxial cyclic tests with tension/compression and torsion are used to calibrate the material model. These experiments were performed under isothermal conditions at different temperatures. In the ratchetting tests, higher loading rates are obtained and these have been used to calibrate the high strain rate response of the viscoplasticity model. The paper is concluded with a numerical example of a block braked wheel where the importance of accounting for the viscoplasticity in modelling is highlighted
Beslutsprocess vid förvÀrv av jordbruksmark
Jordbruksmark Àr en grundförutsÀttning för lantbruksföretag. De som bedriver djurproduktion behöver spridningsareal och foder. VÀxtodlingsföretagen behöver öka arealen för att kunna vÀxa. AvstÄndet till ytterligare areal har stor betydelse om det Àr intressant eller ej. Det gör att jordbruksmark blir en begrÀnsad resurs i omrÄden med flera aktiva lantbrukare.
Jordbruksmark Àr en lÄngsiktig investering eftersom ekonomi och produktion kommer pÄverkas under lÄng tid framöver. Dock Àr det endast vid fÄ tillfÀllen som en fastighet i nÀrheten blir till salu, vilket gör det svÄrt att planera förvÀrv i förvÀg. Hur resonerar lantbrukare nÀr intressanta fastigheter blir till salu och vilka Àr det som köper?
LitteraturgenomgĂ„ngen berör beslutsprocessen och delarna strategi, personlighet, riskanalys och rĂ„dgivarens roll. Ăven intervjuerna anvĂ€nder samma rubriker för att kunna dra slutsatserna lĂ€ngre fram i arbetet.
Det Àr sex affÀrsrÄdgivare som har intervjuats. De arbetar med ekonomisk rÄdgivning till lantbrukare samt Àr insatta i Àmnet markförvÀrv. Personerna arbetar i olika delar av landet och Àr i varierande Äldrar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts via telefon. Intervjuerna har sammanfattats under fyra rubriker för att kunna jÀmföra svaren och dra slutsatser.
Företagarens instĂ€llning till risk har konstaterats till den viktigaste faktorn om ett köp genomförs eller ej. Det förutsĂ€tter ocksĂ„ att företagaren har tillrĂ€ckligt kapital för att belĂ„ningen ska vara rimlig efter köpet. Vanligtvis Ă€ger de redan mark som Ă€r lĂ„gt belĂ„nad och kan anvĂ€nda den för att hĂ„lla nere den totala belĂ„ningsgraden. Kapitalbehovet gör att de flesta köpare Ă€r i 50 â 60 Ă„rs Ă„ldern, dĂ„ expanderar de fortfarande och har varit igĂ„ng sĂ„ lĂ€nge att de Ă€r trygga i den befintliga produktionen. RĂ„dgivarna tar fram kalkyler och underlag hur förvĂ€rvet kommer pĂ„verka företaget samtidigt som de fungerar som ett bollplank. Största risken som respondenterna anger Ă€r rĂ€ntehöjningar.
I princip alla vill köpa grannfastigheten, lantbrukare gillar helt enkelt att Àga mark. Markköp kan vara en del i en strategi för ett lÄngsiktigt företagande men kan lika gÀrna vara ett personligt mÄl. I de fallen Àr det viktigare med en strategi för att bygga kapital som kan anvÀndas nÀr tillfÀllet dyker upp.Agricultural land is a basic prerequisite for agricultural companies. Those engaged in animal production need the spreading area and feed. Crop farm companies must increase the area in order to explain their production. The distance to additional area is of great importance whether it is interesting or not. This means that agricultural land becomes a limited resource in areas with several active farmers.
Agricultural land is a long-term investment that will effect economy and production function for a long time to come. However, it is only on a few occasions that a property in the vicinity becomes for sale, which makes it difficult to plan acquisitions in advance. How do farmers then reason when interesting properties are for sale and who are the buyers?
The theoretical framework addresses the decision-making process and the parts strategy, personality, risk analysis and the role of the advisor. The interviews uses the same headings to support the conclusions.
Six business advisers have been interviewed. They work with counselling to farmers and are familiar with the subject of land acquisition. The advisers work in different parts of the country and are different in age. Semi-structured interviews have been performed over the phone. The interviews have been summarized under four headings to compare the answers and draw conclusions.
The farmers attitude to risk has been determined as the important factor whether a purchase is made or not. It also assumes that the entrepreneur has sufficient capital for the loan to be reasonable after the purchase. Usually, they own previously lowmortgaged land and can use it to keep down the overall loan-to-value ratio. The need for capital means that most buyers are in the age of 50 - 60, when they are still expanding and have been running for so long that they are secure in their production. The advisors provide calculations and supporting documents on how the acquisition will affect the company while at the same time acting as a discussion partner. The biggest risk for the farmers is a rasie of the interest rate
Almost everyone wants to buy the neighbouring property, farmers simply like to own land. Land purchase can be part of a long-term strategy for the company, but may as well be a personal goal. I've fallen into the importance of a strategy to build capital that can be found when the opportunity arises. In those cases thatâs more important to build capital to have money when the property gets to sale
Thermomechanical testing and modelling of railway wheel steel
Studies of thermal effects of tread braking on railway wheels show that the wheel temperatures may reach above 600 \ub0C, at which the mechanical properties of the wheel steel are significantly impaired. Computational models that simulate the thermomechanical behaviour of the wheels are commonly based on results from laboratory tests which do not reflect actual in-service scenarios. Anisothermal testing and modelling are omitted due to the difficulties in designing relevant experiments and implementation of the results. In this paper, a preexisting numerical material model is extended in order to implement fully anisothermal behaviour. This is done by performing several thermomechanical experiments mimicking real-world service and worst-case scenarios ranging from room temperature up to 650 \ub0C. The results from the laboratory testing are then used in combination with data from traditional isothermal tests to optimise the numerical material model by calibrating its material parameters. As part of this process it was found necessary to include a time- and temperature-dependent, non-recoverable (irreversible) mechanism for material softening and microstructural changes which occur above 400 \ub0C. Finite element simulations with the material model using the new parameters and the softening law show markedly improved adherence to anisothermal and strain-controlled experimental results compared to the preexisting model(s). The results demonstrate that anisothermal testing is a requirement for models that are intended to simulate material behaviour for thermomechanical loads and thermally induced microstructural changes
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